Редкие металлы в космической технике

В данной статье рассматривается применение редких металлов в космической технологии. Такжев статье описана классификация редких металлов, уникальные свойства и место каждой группыэлементов в конструировании комических аппаратов.Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die Verwendung von seltenen Metallen in der Raumfahrttechnik betrachtet.Der Artikel beschreibt auch die Klassifizierung von seltenen Metallen, die unikalen Eigenschaften jeder Gruppe undderen Funktion bei der Konstruktion von kosmischen Geräten

Metabolomic Profiling from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissue Using Targeted LC/MS/MS: Application in Sarcoma

The relatively new field of onco-metabolomics attempts to identify relationships between various cancer phenotypes and global metabolite content. Previous metabolomics studies utilized either nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and analyzed metabolites present in urine and serum. However, direct metabolomic assessment of tumor tissues is important for determining altered metabolism in cancers. In this respect, the ability to obtain reliable data from archival specimens is desirable and has not been reported to date. In this feasibility study, we demonstrate the analysis of polar metabolites extracted directly from ten formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens, including five soft tissue sarcomas and five paired normal samples. Using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) via selected reaction monitoring (SRM), we detect an average of 106 metabolites across the samples with excellent reproducibility and correlation between different sections of the same specimen. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis reliably recovers a priori known tumor and normal tissue phenotypes, and supervised analysis identifies candidate metabolic markers supported by the literature. In addition, we find that diverse biochemical processes are well-represented in the list of detected metabolites. Our study supports the notion that reliable and broadly informative metabolomic data may be acquired from FFPE soft tissue sarcoma specimens, a finding that is likely to be extended to other malignancies

TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 abundance in liver diseases of mice and men

TGF-β1 is a major player in chronic liver diseases promoting fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis through various mechanisms. The expression and function of TGF-β2 have not been investigated thoroughly in liver disease to date. In this paper, we provide evidence that TGF-β2 expression correlates with fibrogenesis and liver cancer development. Using quantitative realtime PCR and ELISA, we show that TGF-β2 mRNA expression and secretion increased in murine HSCs and hepatocytes over time in culture and were found in the human-derived HSC cell line LX-2. TGF-β2 stimulation of the LX-2 cells led to upregulation of the TGF-β receptors 1, 2, and 3, whereas TGF-β1 treatment did not alter or decrease their expression. In liver regeneration and fibrosis upon CCl4 challenge, the transient increase of TGF-β2 expression was accompanied by TGF-β1 and collagen expression. In bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis, TGF-β2 upregulation correlated with fibrotic markers and was more prominent than TGF-β1 expression. Accordingly, MDR2-KO mice showed significant TGF-β2 upregulation within 3 to 15 months but minor TGF-β1 expression changes. In 5 of 8 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)/hepatoblastoma cell lines, relatively high TGF-β2 expression and secretion were observed, with some cell lines even secreting more TGF-β2 than TGF-β1. TGF-β2 was also upregulated in tumors of TGFα/cMyc and DEN-treated mice. The analysis of publically available microarray data of 13 human HCC collectives revealed considerable upregulation of TGF-β2 as compared to normal liver. Our study demonstrates upregulation of TGF-β2 in liver disease and suggests TGF-β2 as a promising therapeutic target for tackling fibrosis and HCC

Serial-omics characterization of equine urine

Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography—high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based—omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc

Equine mare urine proteins identified by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.

<p>Equine mare urine proteins identified by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.</p

The workflow of the serial-omics analysis of horse urine from collection and MTBE extraction through high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.

<p>Each phase of the MTBE extraction is used for either proteomics, metabolomics or lipidomics analyses using untargeted or targeted mass spectrometry in order to gather the—omics profile.</p

Top 60 equine mare urine metabolites by intensity from 474 total identified metabolites by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.

<p>Top 60 equine mare urine metabolites by intensity from 474 total identified metabolites by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.</p

Equine mare urine non-polar lipids identified by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.

<p>Equine mare urine non-polar lipids identified by LC-MS/MS from a serial-omics liquid-liquid extraction.</p

Serial-omics characterization of equine urine - Fig 2

<p><b>A)</b> Omics results from the urinary tract and specimen cup to the number of unique molecules identified from horse urine. A scatterplot showing the molecular weight distribution of lipids, metabolites and proteins. Reprinted from The Merck Manual for Pet Health under a CC BY license, with permission from Merck & Co., original copyright 2017. <b>B)</b> The ratio of metabolite:protein:lipid was approximately 10.0:1.0:0.22. The majority of urine content is small polar molecules (474) followed by a significant amount of proteins (46) and very low number of lipids (10). A short list of some example questions that can be addressed using a serial-omics approach from accessible bodily fluids such as urine, blood, etc.</p