An evaluation of three two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics codes including low Reynolds numbers and transonic Mach numbers

Full-potential, Euler, and Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes were evaluated for use in analyzing the flow field about airfoils sections operating at Mach numbers from 0.20 to 0.60 and Reynolds numbers from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The potential code (LBAUER) includes weakly coupled integral boundary layer equations for laminar and turbulent flow with simple transition and separation models. The Navier-Stokes code (ARC2D) uses the thin-layer formulation of the Reynolds-averaged equations with an algebraic turbulence model. The Euler code (ISES) includes strongly coupled integral boundary layer equations and advanced transition and separation calculations with the capability to model laminar separation bubbles and limited zones of turbulent separation. The best experiment/CFD correlation was obtained with the Euler code because its boundary layer equations model the physics of the flow better than the other two codes. An unusual reversal of boundary layer separation with increasing angle of attack, following initial shock formation on the upper surface of the airfoil, was found in the experiment data. This phenomenon was not predicted by the CFD codes evaluated

Digital archiving and reproduction of black and white photography

Capturing and reproducing black and white images are common problems for high quality print reproduction. This study compared the monotone reproduction quality of the Kodak Photo CD Master technology to the standard methods currently being employed using high resolution scanners such as the Agfa Horizon Scanner and the Optronics ColorGetter II. The Kodak Photo CD Master and the Optronics ColorGetter II were used to scan the original 35mm black and white film negatives. The negatives selected represent the various tonal ranges encountered by professional photographers. High key and low key images were included in the selection since these are the extreme density range of negatives. The same six monotone images, obtained from a professional photographer, were scanned using either the negative or the desired print. The flatbed scanners, the midrange Agfa Horizon and the low end Agfa StudioScan, captured the desired print as a digital file. The Optronics ColorGetter II, a drum scanner, and the Kodak Photo CD captured the monotone negative. This study determined whether the image captured by the Photo CD Master scanner could produce the image quality that is required by professional photographers. Currently, quality printing uses high end scanners to capture high resolutions and detail. Photo CD\u27s are being implemented for archival storage of dig ital images. Traditional methods of scanning were also investigated to determine whether it is possible to digitally reproduce a monotone desired print accurately to satisfy a professional photographer. Digital duplication of the desired print , with its darkroom manipulation, would be a significant achievement for the photographer. In using a digital format a photographer would be able to store and recall the information and exactly duplicate a print without spending additional time cus tom printing. Adobe Photoshop 2.5.1 was used to globally and locally control the negative to reproduce the photographer\u27s intent. A comparison was made between the desired print and the results obtained through the digital capture, manipulation, storage and printing of the image. Each digital image captured by the four scanners was printed on four different printers. The four printers used in this study are: The Canon Laser Copier 500 Color Electrophotographic Laser The Hewlett Packard LaserJet, monochrome electrophotographic laser The 3M Rainbow Dye Sublimation The Epson Stylus InkJet This thesis questions whether the digital darkroom can replace the professional photographer\u27s wet darkroom through the use of scanners, computers, software and desktop printers. It determines which method is best for capturing and reproducing the professional photographer\u27s images. An evaluation of the final digital prints is made by a professional photographer

Educating for Ethnicity: Local Cultural Vitality Among the Challenges of a Global Economy in Post-Soviet Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

This thesis examines ways in which indigenous educators in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), an autonomous republic of the Russian Federation, maintain, revive and transform indigenous linguistic and cultural traditions in the contexts of the Russian Federation and the increasingly global economy. Through an analysis of a revival of ethnically-based education in the Republic, I argue that indigenous educators promote Sakha ethnicity in a way that also actively works to maintain harmonious relationships with the Russian Federation and the globalizing economy. First, educators present Sakha ethnicity in a global context, comparing the Sakha ethnicity to that of more established nations such as the French, Germans, British, and Russians in order to assert the distinctiveness of the Sakha ethnic group. In doing so, however, educators simultaneously promote the importance and value of Russian language and culture, safeguarding against the possibility of destructive Sakha "nationalism" that could spur a tension with continued Sakha participation in the Russian Federation. Second, educators actively work to break down a historical dichotomy between "traditional" and "modern," which associates Sakha culture with the traditional and Russian/European cultures with the modern. In this way educators embrace "modernization" and a global economy and retain the relevance of the Sakha ethnicity

Creating a tradition: Early campus planning at Hampton Institute, 1868-1893

The goal of this study was to explore the beginnings of higher education for freed slaves after the Civil War as reflected in the development of the built environment of one of the earliest and most prominent of the historically Black colleges, Hampton Institute. The main purpose was to study the way in which campus planning was implemented at Hampton, its intentions and effects. The study had three hypotheses: (1) a master plan for the development of the campus of Hampton Institute was created by its founder, (2) this master plan was followed by the administration and builders during the early stages of the school\u27s development and (3) the founder of Hampton Institute was aware of the symbolism of the architecture and used it intentionally to create a sense of specialness and to inspire strong attachment among the students of the school.;The study of numerous original documents available in the Hampton University Archives revealed answers to these questions. First, there is ample evidence that a master plan did exist for the development of Hampton\u27s campus and that it was, to a large degree followed. The architectural intentions of Hampton\u27s principal revealed a great deal about the beginnings of Negro education and the controversy which existed concerning the type of education which was best suited to the needs of Blacks. They also reflect the unique mission of the early Black schools. Hampton was the model for many schools which espoused one view of the type of education which would best prepare Blacks to take their place in post war society and, therefore, was an appropriate subject for this study.;The study also revealed certain common characteristics which, when present, produce coherent, consistent campus planning. This information is important for present day administrators trying to promote effective decision making regarding campus growth.;The extension of this study to include other prominent Black schools would provide valuable insights into the evolution of higher education for Blacks. These schools were shaped by their unique mission which was in turn shaped by the unique educational needs of the group they were founded to serve

Gregory Umber and Susan Hicks in a Faculty Recital

This is the program for the faculty horn recital featuring Gregory Umber and guest artist Susan Hicks on the oboe. They were assisted by pianist Harry Raley, clarinetist Susie Umber, and bassoonist Charles Wesley. This recital took place on January 24, 1974, in Mitchell Hall

Teaching Peer Feedback as Ethical Practice

Even with weeks of building a classroom community and deliberate instructional scaffolding, students may not engage in thoughtful peer review. One teacher discovers how he must place a deep, intentional value on the feedback itself—and the writers who provided it to one another

Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Teach African American Students Using the Culturally Relevant Pre-Service Teacher Intervention Model

African Americans experience varying disparities including racial discrimination and cultural discontinuities, which are manifested in public school classrooms. Hence these students struggle academically and are less likely to attend college. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness a Culturally Relevant Pre-Service Teacher (CRPT) Intervention Model for pre-serviceteachers. Qualitative methods were used alongside the Cross Racial Identity Scale to respond the effectiveness of CRPT Intervention Sessions. Results indicated that pre-service teachers gained a more in-depth understanding of relationship between their identities within the context of their cultural experiences and all pre-service teachers applied some culturally relevant teaching strategies

High-Rate Data-Capture for an Airborne Lidar System

A high-rate data system was required to capture the data for an airborne lidar system. A data system was developed that achieved up to 22 million (64-bit) events per second sustained data rate (1408 million bits per second), as well as short bursts (less than 4 s) at higher rates. All hardware used for the system was off the shelf, but carefully selected to achieve these rates. The system was used to capture laser fire, single-photon detection, and GPS data for the Slope Imaging Multi-polarization Photo-counting Lidar (SIMPL). However, the system has applications for other laser altimeter systems (waveform-recording), mass spectroscopy, xray radiometry imaging, high-background- rate ranging lidar, and other similar areas where very high-speed data capture is needed. The data capture software was used for the SIMPL instrument that employs a micropulse, single-photon ranging measurement approach and has 16 data channels. The detected single photons are from two sources those reflected from the target and solar background photons. The instrument is non-gated, so background photons are acquired for a range window of 13 km and can comprise many times the number of target photons. The highest background rate occurs when the atmosphere is clear, the Sun is high, and the target is a highly reflective surface such as snow. Under these conditions, the total data rate for the 16 channels combined is expected to be approximately 22 million events per second. For each photon detection event, the data capture software reads the relative time of receipt, with respect to a one-per-second absolute time pulse from a GPS receiver, from an event timer card with 0.1-ns precision, and records that information to a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) storage device. The relative time of laser pulse firings must also be read and recorded with the same precision. Each of the four event timer cards handles the throughput from four of the channels. For each detection event, a flag is recorded that indicates the source channel. To accommodate the expected maximum count rate and also handle the other extreme of very low rates occurring during nighttime operations, the software requests a set amount of data from each of the event timer cards and buffers the data. The software notes if any of the cards did not return all the data requested and then accommodates that lower rate. The data is buffered to minimize the I/O overhead of writing the data to storage. Care was taken to optimize the reads from the cards, the speed of the I/O bus, and RAID configuration