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Effects of drop and film viscosity on drop impacts onto thin films
While drop-film impacts have been studied extensively in the past, little thought has been given towards separating the effects of the drop fluid properties from those of the film. Distinguishing between the behaviors resulting from characteristics of each independently could provide insight into the underlying physical phenomena with a clarity that is unavailable when the drop and the film consist of identical liquids. In this study, the viscosity is the central parameter varied in both drop and film liquid. Using water, aqueous glycerol mixtures, and Fluoroinert FC-72, a range of kinematic viscosity covering 3 orders of magnitude (4 × 10-7 - 6.5 × 10 -4 m2/s) is examined; a smaller range of surface tension (0.024-0.072 N/m) is covered, as well. Drop impacts occur over a range of Weber numbers from 20 to 3000 and Reynolds numbers from 20 to 14000. Impact outcomes categorized are both formation of a crown and splashing from the crown. Criteria for each impact outcome are presented in light of both film and drop properties; certain outcomes are found to depend more strongly on either the properties of the drop or the film individually. Crown formation appears to relate more strongly to the film's properties, whereas crown splashing has some dependence on the drop properties. Existing splashing correlations are examined in light of the separation of properties. © 2013 by Begell House, Inc
Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Granulator Terhadap Kandungan Asam Glutamat Serbuk Petis Limbah Pindang Ikan Layang (Decapterus Spp.)
Petis adalah produk sampingan hasil perebusan (ikan, kupang, dan udang) yang dikentalkan seperti saus. Petis mengandung asam glutamat yang cukup tinggi yang dikenal sebagai penyedap makanan. Oleh karena itu, sangat memungkinkan produk flavor yang dibuat dari petis limbah pindang ikan layang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pengeringan granulator terhadap kandungan asam glutamat, sifat kimia dan sifat fisik pada serbuk petis limbah pindang ikan layang. Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan perlakuan metode pengeringan granulator (50°C selama 5 jam, 60°C selama 4 jam, dan 70°C selama 3 jam). Variabel mutu yang diamati adalah asam glutamat, kadar air, protein, lemak, abu karbohidrat, dan hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode pengeringan granulator berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai asam glutamat dengan nilai tertinggi diperoleh pada pengeringan suhu 50oC selama 5 jam yaitu 10,12%; Kadar protein, dan lemak terbaik terdapat pada metode pengeringan granulator dengan suhu 50oC selama 5 jam dengan nilai kadar protein 31,73%, kadar lemak 4,62%. Sedangkan untuk metode pengeringan granulator dengan suhu 70oC selama 3 jam memberikan nilai terbaik pada kadar air (21,37%), abu (6,16%) dan karbohidrat (65,79%). Nilai hedonik terbaik terdapat pada metode pengeringan granulator dengan suhu 60oC selama 4 jam yaitu 7,31 7,49. Fish paste is made from boiling of fish, mussel and shrimp by product which is viscous like sauce. Fish paste is high glutamic acid content that is used as food flavoring. Therefore, it may possibly making fish paste powder from mackerel scad byproducts due to high content of glutamic acids. The aimed of this research were to determine the effect of granulator drying method to glutamic acid content, the chemical and physical characteristic of the fish paste powder of mackerel scad fish boiled by product. The used research method was a randomized block design with three different treatments method of drying granulator (50oC for 5 hours, 60oC for 4 hours and 70oC for 3 hours). Quality variable measured were glutamic acid, moisture contnet, protein, lipids, ash, carbohydrate and hedonic test. The result of the research showed that the method of granulator drying on fish paste powder of mackerel scad fish boiled by product had significantly affected to glutamic acid content on treatment 50oC for 5 hours which was showed the high content of glutamic acids 10,12%. Protein content and lipid content also showed the high amount at 50oC for 5 hours with 31,73% and 4,62% respectively, meanwhile at 70oC for 3 hours treatment gave the low moisture content (21,37%), ash content (6,16%) and carbohydrate content (65,79%). The high hedonic test (7,31 7,49) be found at temperature 60oC for 4 hours
Integration of microarray analysis into the clinical diagnosis of hematological malignancies: How much can we improve cytogenetic testing?
PurposeTo evaluate the clinical utility, diagnostic yield and rationale of integrating microarray analysis in the clinical diagnosis of hematological malignancies in comparison with classical chromosome karyotyping/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).MethodsG-banded chromosome analysis, FISH and microarray studies using customized CGH and CGH+SNP designs were performed on 27 samples from patients with hematological malignancies. A comprehensive comparison of the results obtained by three methods was conducted to evaluate benefits and limitations of these techniques for clinical diagnosis.ResultsOverall, 89.7% of chromosomal abnormalities identified by karyotyping/FISH studies were also detectable by microarray. Among 183 acquired copy number alterations (CNAs) identified by microarray, 94 were additional findings revealed in 14 cases (52%), and at least 30% of CNAs were in genomic regions of diagnostic/prognostic significance. Approximately 30% of novel alterations detected by microarray were >20 Mb in size. Balanced abnormalities were not detected by microarray; however, of the 19 apparently "balanced" rearrangements, 55% (6/11) of recurrent and 13% (1/8) of non-recurrent translocations had alterations at the breakpoints discovered by microarray.ConclusionMicroarray technology enables accurate, cost-effective and time-efficient whole-genome analysis at a resolution significantly higher than that of conventional karyotyping and FISH. Array-CGH showed advantage in identification of cryptic imbalances and detection of clonal aberrations in population of non-dividing cancer cells and samples with poor chromosome morphology. The integration of microarray analysis into the cytogenetic diagnosis of hematologic malignancies has the potential to improve patient management by providing clinicians with additional disease specific and potentially clinically actionable genomic alterations
Three Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes in a Patient with Developmental Delay, Mental Retardation, and Dysmorphic Features
We characterized three supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) simultaneously present in a 2-year- and 10-month-old male patient with mental retardation and dysmorphic features. Peripheral blood chromosome analysis revealed two to three SMCs in 25/26 cells analyzed. The remaining one cell had one SMC. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed mosaicism for gains of 5q35.3, 15q11.2q13.3, and 18p11.21q11.1 regions. All three gains contain multiple OMIM genes. FISH studies indicated that one of the SMCs is a dicentric ring 15 with two copies of the 15q11.2q13.3 region including SNRPN/UBE3A and two copies of the 5q35.3 region. One of the der(18)s contains the 18 centromere and 18p11.2 regions, while the other der(18) has a signal for the 18 centromere only. The phenotype of the patient is compared with that of patients with tetrasomy 15q11.2q13.3, trisomy 5q35.3, and trisomy 18p11.2. Our study demonstrates that aCGH and FISH analyses are powerful tools, which complement the conventional cytogenetic analysis for the identification of SMCs
Quantitative imaging of 124I and 86Y with PET
The quantitative accuracy and image quality of positron emission tomography (PET) measurements with 124I and 86Y is affected by the prompt emission of gamma radiation and positrons in their decays, as well as the higher energy of the emitted positrons compared to those emitted by 18F. PET scanners cannot distinguish between true coincidences, involving two 511-keV annihilation photons, and coincidences involving one annihilation photon and a prompt gamma, if the energy of this prompt gamma is within the energy window of the scanner. The current review deals with a number of aspects of the challenge this poses for quantitative PET imaging. First, the effect of prompt gamma coincidences on quantitative accuracy of PET images is discussed and a number of suggested corrections are described. Then, the effect of prompt gamma coincidences and the increased singles count rates due to gamma radiation on the count rate performance of PET is addressed, as well as possible improvements based on modification of the scanner’s energy windows. Finally, the effect of positron energy on spatial resolution and recovery is assessed. The methods presented in this overview aim to overcome the challenges associated with the decay characteristics of 124I and 86Y. Careful application of the presented correction methods can allow for quantitatively accurate images with improved image contrast
Resolving the complexity of the human genome using single-molecule sequencing
The human genome is arguably the most complete mammalian reference assembly, yet more than 160 euchromatic gaps remain and aspects of its structural variation remain poorly understood ten years after its completion. To identify missing sequence and genetic variation, here we sequence and analyse a haploid human genome (CHM1) using single-molecule, real-time DNA sequencing. We close or extend 55% of the remaining interstitial gaps in the human GRCh37 reference genome - 78% of which carried long runs of degenerate short tandem repeats, often several kilobases in length, embedded within (G+C)-rich genomic regions. We resolve the complete sequence of 26,079 euchromatic structural variants at the base-pair level, including inversions, complex insertions and long tracts of tandem repeats. Most have not been previously reported, with the greatest increases in sensitivity occurring for events less than 5 kilobases in size. Compared to the human reference, we find a significant insertional bias (3:1) in regions corresponding to complex insertions and long short tandem repeats. Our results suggest a greater complexity of the human genome in the form of variation of longer and more complex repetitive DNA that can now be largely resolved with the application of this longer-read sequencing technology
Time resolution of the plastic scintillator strips with matrix photomultiplier readout for J-PET tomograph
Recent tests of a single module of the Jagiellonian Positron Emission
Tomography system (J-PET) consisting of 30 cm long plastic scintillator strips
have proven its applicability for the detection of annihilation quanta (0.511
MeV) with a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of 0.266 ns. The achieved
resolution is almost by a factor of two better with respect to the current
TOF-PET detectors and it can still be improved since, as it is shown in this
article, the intrinsic limit of time resolution for the determination of time
of the interaction of 0.511 MeV gamma quanta in plastic scintillators is much
lower. As the major point of the article, a method allowing to record
timestamps of several photons, at two ends of the scintillator strip, by means
of matrix of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) is introduced. As a result of
simulations, conducted with the number of SiPM varying from 4 to 42, it is
shown that the improvement of timing resolution saturates with the growing
number of photomultipliers, and that the 2 x 5 configuration at two ends
allowing to read twenty timestamps, constitutes an optimal solution. The
conducted simulations accounted for the emission time distribution, photon
transport and absorption inside the scintillator, as well as quantum efficiency
and transit time spread of photosensors, and were checked based on the
experimental results. Application of the 2 x 5 matrix of SiPM allows for
achieving the coincidence resolving time in positron emission tomography of
0.170 ns for 15 cm axial field-of-view (AFOV) and 0.365 ns
for 100 cm AFOV. The results open perspectives for construction of a
cost-effective TOF-PET scanner with significantly better TOF resolution and
larger AFOV with respect to the current TOF-PET modalities.Comment: To be published in Phys. Med. Biol. (26 pages, 17 figures
The association of tumor-to-background ratios and SUVmax deviations related to point spread function and time-of-flight F18-FDG-PET/CT reconstruction in colorectal liver metastases
Interactions of silica nanoparticles with lung epithelial cells and the association to flotillins
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