The Modification of Smoking Behaviour: A Research Evaluation of Aversion Therapy, Hypnotherapy, and a Combined Technique

This study compared aversion therapy, hypnotherapy, and a combined method. It was predicted that the treatment of imagined behaviour would generalize to overt behaviours. Individuals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the aversion group with shock contingent on imagined behaviour, and finally the combined group which consisted of traditional hypnotherapy in combination with aversion therapy. The treatments were contained on separate cassettes with each subject receiving his appropriate cassette. Subjects met in groups of 3-5 individuals, twice a week for three weeks. Individuals acted as their own controls through the establishment of a pre-treatment baseline of smoking rate. The data were inconclusive for the aversion and hypnotherapy groups. The combined group showed a significant change over the treatment sessions (

Propriété, polygamie et statut personnel en Algérie coloniale, 1830-1873

Cet article étudie le rôle joué par la polygamie au cours du XIXe siècle dans la perception coloniale des populations indigènes et dans la construction des catégories du droit colonial. Si l’iconographie orientaliste accordait une place centrale au harem, les premiers modèles de colonisation ne considéraient pas la polygamie comme une composante essentielle du droit « musulman ». Ils voyaient plutôt en elle un effet de l’organisation sociale nomadique, appelé à disparaître à la suite de réformes économiques visant la propriété foncière. À partir des années 1860, au contraire, la polygamie devint le symbole de la spécificité d’un droit religieux juif et musulman, considéré comme un tout cohérent et immuable. En analysant cette transformation, l’article propose une généalogie du « statut personnel » musulman, et montre comment ce statut fut progressivement détaché des questions foncières, susceptibles, elles, de réformes.This article analyzes how polygamy’s symbolic instantiation of native difference was an effect of the colonial legal structure that it was presumed to found. It shows that, while the harem was a familiar feature of Orientalist iconography, early French approaches to “native” government did not focus on polygamy as an integral aspect of “Muslim” law. They linked polygamy to nomadic social organization and viewed it as amenable to economic (i.e. property) reform. By the 1860s, however, polygamy came to symbolize the alien and immutable status of both Jewish and Islamic religious law. By documenting this transformation, the article offers a genealogy of Muslim “personal status” – and how it was cleaved from a purportedly distinct – and hence reformable – property law.Dieser Artikel untersucht die Rolle der Polygamie bei der kolonialen Wahrnehmung einheimischer Völker und bei der Konstruktion des Kolonialrechts im 19. Jahrhundert. Auch wenn die orientalistische Ikonographie dem Harem einen zentralen Platz einräumte, verstanden die ersten Kolonisationsmodelle die Polygamie nicht als grundlegende Komponente des « muslimischen » Rechts. Sie sahen sie vielmehr als Auswirkung der nomadischen sozialen Organisation an, die man infolge der wirtschaftlichen Reformen mit Bezug auf das Grundeigentum zum Verschwinden bringen wollte. Ab den 1860er Jahren wurde die Polygamie jedoch zum Symbol der Besonderheit eines jüdischen und muslimischen religiösen Rechts, das als kohärentes und unveränderliches Ganzes angesehen wurde. Anhand einer Analyse dieser Veränderung bietet der Artikel eine Genealogie des muslimischen « persönlichen Status » und zeigt, wie dieser Status nach und nach von den Fragen des Grundeigentums – das reformierbar war – abgekoppelt wurde

The relative citation ratio: what is it and why should medical librarians care?

Bibliometrics is becoming increasingly prominent in the world of medical libraries. The number of presentations related to research impact at the Medical Library Association (MLA) annual meeting has been increasing in past years. Medical centers have been using institutional dashboards to track clinical performance for over a decade, and more recently, these institutional dashboards have included measures of academic performance. This commentary reviews current practices and considers the role for a newer metric, the relative citation ratio

The IAA RAS Correlator First Results

In 2009 the national Russian VLBI observations were processed by the new correlator ARC (Astrometric Radiointerferometric Correlator). The ARC is a VSI-H correlator and equipped with Mark 5B playback terminals. During 2009 ARC was used to process a series of VLBI sessions, observed on stations Svetloe, Zelenchukskaya, and Badary. NGS files were formed, and EOP parameters were obtained by IAA RAS Analysis Center. The accuracies of the pole coordinates and UT1-UTC were 1-2 mas and 0.07-0.1 ms, respectively

Informationist Support for a Study of the Role of Proteases and Peptides in Cancer Pain

Two supplements were awarded to the New York University Health Sciences Libraries from the National Library of Medicine\u27s informationist grant program. These supplements funded research support in a number of areas, including data management and bioinformatics, two fields that the library had recently begun to explore. As such, the supplements were of particular value to the library as a testing ground for these newer services. This paper will discuss a supplement received in support of a grant from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (PI: Brian Schmidt) on the role of proteases and peptides in cancer pain. A number of barriers were preventing the research team from maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of their work. A critical component of the research was to identify which proteins, from among hundreds identified in collected samples, to include in preclinical testing. This selection involved laborious and prohibitively time-consuming manual searching of the literature on protein function. Additionally, the research team encompassed ten investigators working in two different cities, which led to issues around the sharing and tracking of both data and citations. The supplement outlined three areas in which the informationists would assist the researchers in overcoming these barriers: 1) creating an automated literature searching system for protein function discovery, 2) introducing tools and associated workflows for sharing citations, and 3) introducing tools and workflows for sharing data and specimens

IAA Correlator Center

The activities of the six-station IAA RAS correlator include regular processing of national geodetic VLBI programs Ru-E, Ru-U, and Ru-F. The Ru-U sessions have been transferred in e-VLBI mode and correlated in the IAA Correlator Center automatically since 2011. The DiFX software correlator is used at the IAA in some astrophysical experiments

The "Quasar" Network Observations in e-VLBI Mode Within the Russian Domestic VLBI Programs

The purpose of the Russian VLBI "Quasar" Network is to carry out astrometrical and geodynamical investigations. Since 2006 purely domestic observational programs with data processing at the IAA correlator have been carried out. To maintain these geodynamical programs e-VLBI technology is being developed and tested. This paper describes the IAA activity of developing a real-time VLBI system using high-speed digital communication links

Big Data - What is it and why it matters

Big data, like MOOCs, altmetrics and open access are all terms that have been widely banded about the library community for some time. Whilst some are unsure what these things are, despite all being around for at least five years, many in the library and information sector remain confused as to the relationship between these terms and their roles. Whilst all of these developments do indeed have something to offer to the library and information community, big data perhaps remains the most ambiguous

Classifying publications from the clinical and translational science award program along the translational research spectrum: a machine learning approach

BACKGROUND: Translational research is a key area of focus of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as demonstrated by the substantial investment in the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program. The goal of the CTSA program is to accelerate the translation of discoveries from the bench to the bedside and into communities. Different classification systems have been used to capture the spectrum of basic to clinical to population health research, with substantial differences in the number of categories and their definitions. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the CTSA program and of translational research in general is hampered by the lack of rigor in these definitions and their application. This study adds rigor to the classification process by creating a checklist to evaluate publications across the translational spectrum and operationalizes these classifications by building machine learning-based text classifiers to categorize these publications. METHODS: Based on collaboratively developed definitions, we created a detailed checklist for categories along the translational spectrum from T0 to T4. We applied the checklist to CTSA-linked publications to construct a set of coded publications for use in training machine learning-based text classifiers to classify publications within these categories. The training sets combined T1/T2 and T3/T4 categories due to low frequency of these publication types compared to the frequency of T0 publications. We then compared classifier performance across different algorithms and feature sets and applied the classifiers to all publications in PubMed indexed to CTSA grants. To validate the algorithm, we manually classified the articles with the top 100 scores from each classifier. RESULTS: The definitions and checklist facilitated classification and resulted in good inter-rater reliability for coding publications for the training set. Very good performance was achieved for the classifiers as represented by the area under the receiver operating curves (AUC), with an AUC of 0.94 for the T0 classifier, 0.84 for T1/T2, and 0.92 for T3/T4. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of definitions agreed upon by five CTSA hubs, a checklist that facilitates more uniform definition interpretation, and algorithms that perform well in classifying publications along the translational spectrum provide a basis for establishing and applying uniform definitions of translational research categories. The classification algorithms allow publication analyses that would not be feasible with manual classification, such as assessing the distribution and trends of publications across the CTSA network and comparing the categories of publications and their citations to assess knowledge transfer across the translational research spectrum