Immunohistochemical Expression of Ck-19 in Thyroid Nodules and Its Correlation with Histopathology

BACKGROUND : Thyroid lesions are common worldwide with a prevalence of 40 million per year. Differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by hematoxylin and eosin staining alone is difficult because of overlapping patterns and nuclear features. Immunohistochemistry is an useful ancillary technique that aids in arriving at correct diagnosis of controversial cases. AIM : To study the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin19 in various types of thyroid nodules and its correlation with histopathology. METHODS : In this study we observed the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin19 in 30 thyroidectomy specimens, received from July 2014- July 2015 which included classic papillary carcinoma (11 cases, one with node metastasis), follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (2 cases), follicular adenoma (15 cases) and follicular carcinoma (4 cases). RESULTS : The staining results of cytokeratin19 showed diffuse and strong 3+ positivity in (8 cases out of 9) classic papillary carcinoma and only one case showed moderate 2+ positivity. Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma showed varied intensity of staining (1 case- 1+ positivity and other showed 2+ positivity). Majority of follicular adenoma (13 cases out of 15) and follicular carcinoma (3 cases out of 4) cases showed negative staining. Only two follicular adenoma cases and one follicular carcinoma case showed focal, weak 1+ positivity. CONCLUSION : Cytokeratin19 is found to be a sensitive and specific marker in diagnosing classic papillary carcinoma. It does not differentiate follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Its role in differentiating follicular variant of papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma cannot be concluded as we studied minimum number of these cases and they showed varied intensity of staining. Hence it needs a further detailed research in future

Recent Advances on Properties and Utility of Nanomaterials Generated from Industrial and Biological Activities

Today is the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which find applications in the field of medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. Even though nanotechnology is in its emerging phase, it continues to provide solutions to numerous challenges. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are found to be very effective because of their unique chemical and physical properties and high surface area, but their high cost is one of the major hurdles to its wider application. So, the synthesis of nanomaterials, especially 2D nanomaterials from industrial, agricultural, and other biological activities, could provide a cost-effective technique. The nanomaterials synthesized from such waste not only minimize pollution, but also provide an eco-friendly approach towards the utilization of the waste. In the present review work, emphasis has been given to the types of nanomaterials, different methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials from the waste generated from industries, agriculture, and their application in electronics, medicine, and catalysis

Functionalized Microbial Consortia with Silver-Doped Hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) Nanostructures for Removal of RO84 from Industrial Effluent

Considering that freshwater is a necessity for human life, sewage treatment has been a serious concern for an increasing number of scientists and academics in recent years. To clean industrial effluents, innovative catalysts with good adsorption, chemical stability, and physicochemical properties have been constructed. Here, a prospective microbial consortium was extracted from the wastewater and used as a low-cost catalyst that was functionalized with silver and silver-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) nanostructures made using a sonochemical approach. The structural, optical, and crystal phases of Ag and Ag-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) nanostructures were studied using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The degradation action of functionalized microbial consortia was examined against reactive orange 84 (RO84) organic discharge. Excellent efficiency for the removal of industrial effluents was found for the Ag NPs and Ag-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag@HAp) loaded with microbial consortia. A maximum of 95% of the decolorization properties of the RO84 dye were obtained in the case of microbial consortia with Ag and Ag@HAp, which was better than the consortia alone (80.32% for 5 ppm and 69.54% for 20 ppm). The consortia/Ag showed 93.34% for 5 ppm and 85.43% for 20 ppm, while was higher for consortia/Ag@HAp (95.34 and 88.43%). The use of these surface-modified nanocatalysts for wastewater treatment and waste effluents discharged from laboratories, the chemical industry, and other sources could be expanded

Synthesis and characterisation of polymeric nanofibers poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/silica using indigenous electrospinning set up

Indigenous design and fabrication horizontal of electrospinning set up was developed to facilitate with double drum conveyor belt system to make ease in harvesting nanofibers rapidly. As a bench mark study, organic-inorganic nanofiber composite was synthesised employing our indigenous electrospinning set up. The aqueous solution of poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/silica sol were employed to produce nanofiber mats in order to vary the experimental parameters such as voltage, solvent effect and the effect of catalyst. The synthesised pure electro spun poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl alcohol)/silica sol fibers were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR). According to the results, the fine polymeric nanofibers were achieved in the size range of 100-500 nm for pure poly (vinyl alcohol) fiber and 100-700 nm for polyvinyl alcohol/silica and the constitution of silica in rendering better fiber mats with this double drum set up

A study on the correlation between serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-19 and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome

Metabolic  syndrome  is  a  major  global  threat  nowadays  due  to  urbanization,  sedentary  life  style  and  increased  incidence  of  obesity. FGF-19  has  recently  been  introduced  as  a  novel  marker regulating  metabolism,   reversing  diabetes  mellitus,  hyper  lipidemia,  hepatic  steatosis  and adiposity. Aim & Objective: To compare the serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 levels of metabolic syndrome patients with healthy individuals. To analyze the correlation between serum FGF 19 and the components of metabolic syndrome. Materials & Methods: A total of 50 patients and 50 controls were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, anthropometric measures (Height, Weight, BMI & Waist circumference) were taken. Blood investigations such as FGF 19, TC, HDL-cholesterol were estimated and LDL, VLDL & AIP levels were calculated. Statistical Analysis: Student’s t-test was employed for the statistical analysis and data were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation. ‘p’ value less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Correlation between the measured parameters was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Result & Conclusion: Serum levels of FGF 19 were low in patients with metabolic syndrome

Functional and antimicrobial properties of herbal nanocomposites from Piper betle plant leaves for enhanced cotton fabrics

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Plasmon Inspired 2D Carbon Nitrides: Structural, Optical and Surface Characteristics for Improved Biomedical Applications

In the past few years, noble metal-based 2D nanomaterials particularly Ag and Au enriched carbon nitrides have seen advanced catalytic actions and reactivity. These composite nanostructures’ chemical and physical characteristics have been applied to improve the targeted functionalities in healthcare and medical sciences. Many scientists and experts were inspired to study their foundational technologies in the medicinal industries via architectural and surface modifications by doping of noble nanoparticles. Here, we have provided fundamental ideas for structuring Ag and Au decorated CNs (carbon nitrides) by studying their morphological and modified surface properties for biomedical applications. There is a vast spectrum of publications that discusses the peculiarities of CNs and noble metal’s key discoveries. The impact of surface plasmons resonance (SPR) is an essential factor for noble metals and that is why it is focused extensively for better performance in biomedical sectors. The elemental combinations on the CNs surfaces and their morphological status were found to be much more efficient which is broadly discussed. The fabrication techniques, structural characterizations, and SPR role of Ag and Au are addressed including fundamental concepts followed by many suitable examples under this review