Cilnidipine Nanocrystals, Formulation and evaluation for Optimization of solubility and Dissolution Rate

Cilnidipine CLD fourth generation Ca+2 channel blockers, since cilnidipine has a very low solubility (BCS Class-II drug Low solubility High permeability) and extremely low medication compliance, it has been used to treat hypertension and hypertensive-associated vascular disorders.so cilnidipine can be formulated as nanocrystals NCs  using solvent anti-solvent technology which can improve the solubility and bioavailability .Two different stabilizers(poloxamer 188 and Tween20) were utilized to prepare  nine formula  with different ratio 1:0.25,1:0.5 and 1:1. Study and evaluation the formulation factors which may effect on particle size and Polydispersity index PDI. The prepared CLD NCs were evaluated for particle size and dissolution study ,F4 was the smallest size 152 nm ,PDI  (0.161 )and the saturated solubility was increased about ten folds, this formula was subjected for freeze drying by adding  3 % mannitol as cryoprotectant .A complete dissolusion was established in about 20 minutes  which confer the DSC and PXRD results in conversion from crystalline into amorphous state .It can conclude that solvent  anti-solvent technique was a useful in preparation of nanocrystals suspension

Sprinkler Irrigation Systems and Water Saving, A Case Study from South of Iraq

The irrigation systems modernization is a part of water resources management improvement process which requires a decision support system, the core of such system is an automated procedure for simulating the relevant processes governing the system. Simulation models have been used in two phases in this research for two specified areas within Maysan and Wasit provinces in Iraq with an area of 480×250 meters for each province, which have been taken as a case study to redesign and replace the existing open channel network with the new sprinkler irrigation system. The first phase is to find a crop water requirement and irrigation requirements for maize, wheat and barley using CROPWAT 8.0 simulation model, while the second phase includes the irrigation network design using EPANET 2.0 simulation model to perform extended period simulation of hydraulic behavior within pressurized pipe networks, in addition to, the SPAW model which have been used to evaluate soil characteristics. This study has revealed that the designed sprinkler system capacity is 113m3/hr with 5.04 mm/hr precipitation rate. The designed sprinkler system can be used to irrigate different crop types including maize, barley and wheat. Since, the sprinkler system has been designed to meet the maize irrigation water requirements which is the heights requiring water consumer crop the during the summer season, then it has the ability to meet the different winter cereals irrigation requirements. The designed system can be used in the different regions of Iraq generally and southern regions, especially because it has been designed to suit the soil that characterized by moderate, slow infiltration rates in addition to suit areas of relatively high wind speed which affecting the water distribution uniformity and slow infiltration rates of soils

Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Zaltoprofen Lyophilized Tablets by Zydis Technique

“Orodispersible Tablet” a tablet that is to be placed in oral cavity where it disperses rapidly by saliva with no need for water before swallowing. Zaltoprofen (ZLP) is one of NSAIDs which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as to relieve inflammation and pain after surgery, injury and tooth extraction. The present study was aimed to prepare rapidly dissolved lyophilized Zaltoprofen tablet with different pharmaceutical excipients and studying the factors affecting pharmaceutical properties like (solubility, disintegration time DT, dissolution, etc.) of tablets. The lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) were prepared using Zydis technique by lyophilization an aqueous dispersion of Zaltoprofen with a matrix forming agent, gelatin, and a collapse protectant, glycine. In addition to many excipients like PVPK30 was used to improve the in vitro, in vivo disintegration time and dissolution rate, mannitol as bulk forming agent. Fourteen formulations were prepared to inspect the variables that affect the disintegration time and dissolution rate.  All the formulations were evaluated for their physical appearance, mechanical strength, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, DT, and in vitro drug release. The prepared tablets were optimized and formula was subjected to different measured parameters such as disintegration time, Drug content, and in-vitro drug release. Results obtained from dissolution studies and DT showed that lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) (F8,F10,F12,F13 was 45,37,21 and 17 Sec.) respectively ,while(F14) displayed considerably faster in vitro dissolution rate of (Zaltoprofen) 3 min. and DT 9 sec. The (lyophilized disintegrating tablets) were also evaluated showing the transformation into amorphous state and absence of interaction of Zaltoprofen with the components of the tablets. From visual inspection ,physical strength ,DT and release behavior obtained ,one can conclude that the formulas(F14) which contains Zaltoprofen 3.2% ,gelatin3%, mannitol 3%, glycine 1.5%, PVP K30 1.5% was the most suitable one. Keywords : Zaltoprofen, lyophilization, PVPK30

A prospective evaluation of the predictive value of faecal calprotectin in quiescent Crohn’s disease

Background: The faecal calprotectin (FC) test is a non-invasive marker for gastrointestinal inflammation. Aim: To determine whether higher FC levels in individuals with quiescent Crohn’s disease are associated with clinical relapse over the ensuing 12 months.<p></p> Methods: A single centre prospective study was undertaken in Crohn's disease patients in clinical remission attending for routine review. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the primary endpoint of clinical relapse by 12 months, based on FC at baseline, was calculated. Kaplan-Meier curves of time to relapse were based on the resulting optimal FC cutoff for predicting relapse.<p></p> Results: Of 97 patients recruited, 92 were either followed up for 12 months without relapsing, or reached the primary endpoint within that period. Of these, 10 (11%) had relapsed by 12 months. The median FC was lower for non-relapsers, 96µg/g (IQR 39-237), than for relapsers, 414µg/g (IQR 259-590), (p=0.005). The area under the ROC curve to predict relapse using FC was 77.4%. An optimal cutoff FC value of 240µg/g to predict relapse of quiescent Crohn’s had sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 74.4%. Negative predictive value was 96.8% and positive predictive value was 27.6%. FC≥240μg/g was associated with likelihood of relapse 5.7 (95% CI 1.9-17.3) times higher within 2.3 years than lower values (p=0.002).<p></p> Conclusions: In this prospective dataset, FC appears to be a useful, non-invasive tool to help identify quiescent Crohn’s disease patients at a low risk of relapse over the ensuing 12 months. FC of 240µg/g was the optimal cutoff in this cohort.<p></p&gt

Natural distribution of bone remains in the intertidal zone from the south of Tierra del Fuego: taphonomic observations and archaeological implications

Se analiza el patrón de la distribución natural de huesos actuales en los distintos sectores de la franja costera de bahía Moat. Con este fin se busca evaluar los espacios donde existen mayores posibilidades de acumulación y dispersión de restos óseos y de generar expectativas sobre la integridad de los sitios arqueológicos. Asimismo, se evalúan las modificaciones naturales que se producen en la superficie cortical de los huesos. Los resultados muestran que la dinámica del intermareal actúa de manera disímil en la formación de los conjuntos óseos y que dichos procesos impactan en diferentes grados según la ubicación y la geoforma costera. Además, se identificaron distintas trayectorias tafonómicas para las aves y los mamíferos. Los resultados permiten predecir el grado de integridad de los sitios ubicados en los contextos ambientales aquí estudiados y constituyen herramientas valiosas para tomar decisiones en el marco de proyectos arqueológicos regionales.In this paper, the natural distribution pattern of modern bone remains in different parts of the Moat Bay coastal area is analyzed. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the areas with a higher probability of bone remains accumulation and dispersion, and to generate expectations about the integrity of archaeological sites. Additionally, the natural modifications that occur on the cortical surface of bones are evaluated. Results show that intertidal zone dynamics has a dissimilar effect in bone assemblage formation, and that these processes have different impact level depending on location and coastal landform type. Furthermore, different taphonomic trajectories for birds and mammals were identified. Results allow predicting the integrity level of the sites located in the environmental contexts under study and provide valuable decision-making tools for archaeological projects in this region.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

Regional development: methodology and adjusting experience

В даній статті досліджено теоретико-методологічні засади становлення та розвитку регіонального ринку. Розкрито сутність, складові та особливості функціонування економічної системи регіону, зокрема узагальнено існуючі теоретичні підходи до визначення сутності поняття „регіон”, його типізації. Виявлено проблеми, тенденції та перспективи регіонального розвитку в контексті розвитку ринкових відносин. In this article investigational teoretiko-methodological principles of becoming and regional market development. Essence, constituents and features of functioning of the economic system of region, is exposed, in particular generalized existent theoretical going near determination of essence of concept «region», his typification. Found out problems, tendencies and prospects of regional development, in the context of development of market relations

Cazar y recolectar: aportes interdisciplinarios para pensar la nutrición en estudios arqueológicos

It is discussed the macronutrient characterization of diets consumed by diverse hunter-gatherer groupsfrom southern Patagonia during the Late Holocene. Stable isotope analyses on human bones from BeagleChannel, combined with Bayesian mixing models, detect a high protein intake, more than what health agenciesrecommend. In the second case it is performed stable isotopes analyses and chemical characterization ofadhered and absorbed organic residues to ceramic containers from the central-west of Santa Cruz. Resultssuggest guanaco was processed and/or cooked in the ceramics used by these groups, with very low visibiltyof vegetable processing. Although some studies warn about the health risks linked to these high-proteindiets, these case studies exemplify the adaptive flexibility of human organism, to diverse foodways in theirnutritional composition.Se discuten las características macronutricionales de las dietas consumidas por diversos grupos de cazadores-recolectores de Patagonia austral durante el Holoceno Tardío. Los análisis isotópicos sobre restos óseos humanos del canal Beagle, combinados con los modelos de mezcla bayesianos, detectan una alta ingesta de proteínas, superiores a las recomendadas por los organismos de salud. En un segundo caso se realizan análisis isotópicos y caracterización química de los residuos adheridos y absorbidos en recipientes cerámicos hallados en el centro-oeste de Santa Cruz. Los resultados sugieren la cocción y/o almacenamiento de guanaco en la cerámica utilizada por estos grupos, con una baja visibilidad del procesamiento de vegetales. A pesar de que algunos estudios de salud advierten riesgos de salud asociados a este tipo de dietas, se considera que estos casos ejemplifican la flexibilidad adaptativa del organismo humano a una alimentación diversa en su composición nutricional

Esophageal Melanocytosis: report of two cases and review of a rare and misunderstood entity.

Esophageal melanocytosis (EM) is a rare entity, which is characterized by a non-atypical melanocytic proliferation and melanin deposits in the esophageal mucosa. The confusion between the terms of melanosis and melanocytosis in the literature, the rarity of this lesion (less than 50 cases reported in the literature), its uncertain pathobiological course and the lack of experience of pathologists and gastroenterologists prompt us to draw the attention to this particular entity by reporting two cases and reviewing the literature. Magnifying endoscopy to observe intensive melanin accumulation followed by a biopsy are key for the diagnosis