Variability In Pharmacokinetic Of Amikacin In Open Fracture Orthopaedic-Traumatologic Patients

Amikacin is one of aminoglycoside antibiotic group, distributed in extracellular fluids with low plasma protein bound, and eliminated mainly by renal excretion. But it has reported that this drug has great variability in pharmacokinetic and it concentration achievement in the body. Because of its narrow therapeutic index property, it need individually dosing. The aimed of this study is to determine pharmacokinetic parameter of amikacin in adults open fracture orthopaedic surgery patients. Amikacin 500 mg was administered by IV bolus injection, blood samples were drawn 2 times in 1- 8 hours post second injection (post operation). Amikacin in the serum samples assayed by Homogenous Particle-enhanced Turbidimetric Immunoassay (PETIA). Pharmacokinetic parameterization was done by Nonparameteric Expectation Maximization with NPAG-USC*PACK program for elimination rate constant (K) and Volume of distribution (Vd) Parameterization in 15 patients, through joint and marginal density probability function showed there are great variability in pharmacokinetic of amikacin with Vd values 18.213 ± 6.355 liter (range 10,693 - 31,942 liter), K values 0.343 ± 0.108 hours'1 (range 0.107 - 0.514 hours'1). This results showed giving amikacin individually in this patients group is needed. Key words: aminoglycoside, amikacin, pharmacokinetic, vaiability, open fracture,orthopaedic-traumatology

PENGARUH ELEMEN INTERIOR STUDIO ANIMAXX TERHADAP PROSES PEMBELAJARAN

Abstract: Dynamic education must be able to follow the progress of the times that continue to develop. The demands of 21st century skills have an impact on improving the quality of vocational education through innovation of educational facilities and infrastructure that are in line with sustainable development goals in realizing quality education. To achieve this goal, the school seeks to improve the quality of learning through structuring the interior elements of the learning space. The purpose of this study was to describe the interior elements of Animaxx studio in terms of lighting, color, shape, and material aspects and to determine the effect of interior elements on the learning process in terms of motifs, affective, and learning achievement. Combined research methods (mix methods) were used in this study, quantitative methods were used to collect data about user perceptions of interior elements and responses to motives, affective, and learning achievement through questionnaire collection. Strengthened by qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews, literature studies and direct observation to the object of research. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and hypothesis testing through regression analysis. From this research, it was found that the effect of user perception on Animaxx studio interior elements had an effect on motive and affective. While the motive and affective simultaneously affect the achievement of learning. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between Animaxx studio interior elements on the learning process.Abstrak: Pendidikan yang dinamis harus dapat mengikuti kemajuan zaman yang terus berkembang. Tuntutan keterampilan abad 21 berdampak pada peningkatan mutu pendidikan kejuruan melalui inovasi sarana dan prasarana pendidikan yang selaras dengan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam mewujudkan pendidikan berkualitas. Maka dari itu sekolah berupaya meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran melalui penataan elemen interior ruang pembelajaran. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan elemen interior studio Animaxx ditinjau dari aspek pencahayaan, warna, bentuk, dan material dan mengetahui pengaruh elemen interior terhadap proses pembelajaran yang dilihat dari motif, afektif, dan ketercapaian pembelajaran. Metode penelitian kombinasi (mix methods) digunakan dalam penelitian ini, metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang persepsi pengguna terhadap elemen interior dan respon tentang motif, afektif, dan ketercapaian pembelajaran melalui pengumpulan kuesioner. Dikuatkan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, studi literatur dan observasi langsung ke obyek penelitian. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif dan uji hipotesis melalui analisis regresi. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil penelitian adanya pengaruh persepsi pengguna terhadap elemen interior studio Animaxx berpengaruh terhadap motif dan afektif. Sedangkan motif dan afektif secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap ketercapaian pembelajaran. Sehingga disimpulkan ada pengaruh signifikan antara elemen interior studio Animaxx terhadap proses pembelajaran

Semarang Youth Center

Sebagai ibukota Jawa Tengah, Semarang merupakan salah satu kota di Indonesia yang sebagian besar penduduknya merupakan golongan penduduk remaja. Secara keseluruhan, jumlah penduduk dengan kelompok usia remaja di Semarang adalah sebanyak 26,78%, lebih dari seperempat total jumlah jiwa penduduk Kota Semarang. Dengan jumlah besar tersebut, minat dan bakat pemuda Kota Semarang sangat beragam. Sayang, belum ada wadah berupa sebuah youth center yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan aktualisasi diri pemuda dengan bimbingan dan fasilitas yang memadai. Penekanan desain pada youth center ini adalah arsitektur organik. Arsitektur organik merupakan arsitektur yang dilihat bagaikan atau seperti alam dalam hal kemiripannya dengan organisme baik dari segi harmoni, karakter, dan kesatuan, atau karena wujud dan strukturnya berasal dari bentuk-bentuk alam dan berpadu dengan alam, atau meniru proses-proses alam. Kajian diawali dengan mempelajari pengertian dan hal-hal mendasar mengenai youth center, tipe dan syarat youth center, sejarah dan perkembangan youth center, pedoman perencanaa youth center, dan tinjauan arsitektur organik. Setelah itu dilakukan studi banding beberapa youth center untuk mengetahui aspek-aspek yang dibutuhkan dalam merencanakan dan merancang youth center pada umumnya. Dilakukan juga tinjauan mengenai lokasi Kota Semarang menurut karakter geografis, budaya, dan perkembangan kepemudaannya. Menggabungkan antara bangunan youth center yang fungsional dengan nilai estetis arsitektur modern organik, serta mengaplikasikan desain yang ramah terhadap lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Akhirnya, seluruh hasil kajian dituangkan dalam bentuk program ruang dan konsep-konsep perancangan yang diaplikasikan ke dalam desain yang dipresentasikan ke dalam bentuk gambar-gambar arsitektur

THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM ORTHOVANADATE ON P85 AND GSK-3 EXPRESSIONS TO THE BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) MODEL

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of sodium orthovanadate on the P85 (Regulatory Subunit of PI3-Kinase) and GSK-3 (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3) expressions in skeletal muscle tissue to the decreasing of blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: Mice were divided into 5 groups i. e. (1) naive group, (2) diabetic group and (3-5) orthovanadate-treated diabetic groups at the dose of 16, 32 and 64 mg/kg BW respectively. Diabetic mice model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate at the dose of 200 mg/kgBW. Diabetic state was occurred on day 3 after alloxan injection and then started the treatment of sodium orthovanadate for 7 days. The muscular tissue was harvested on day 10 after treatment and was stained using routine histology staining, haematoxylin-eosin for morphological qualitative analysis and immunohistochemical approaches to observe the expressions of P85 and GSK-3 in skeletal muscle.Results: Diabetes condition was shown by the increasing of fasting blood glucose levels from 59.1 ± 11.2 mg/dL to 310.6 ± 107.2 mg/dL on day 3. Administration of sodium orthovanadate at the dose of 16, 32 and 64 mg/kg BW reduced the fasting blood glucose levels after 7 days treatment (p < 0.001) at diabetic mice significantly. The results of histology staining showed that sodium orthovanadate improved a necrosis in skeletal muscle cells alloxan-induced diabetic mice. On immunohistochemical approaches, sodium orthovanadate might decreased the P85 expressions and increased the GSK-3 expressions in skeletal muscle cells alloxan-induced diabetic mice (p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study reveals that the administration of sodium orthovanadate on diabetic mice led to the attenuation of the PTPase activity. The inhibition cause a decreasing the expression of P85 and increasing of GSK-3 that cause the decreasing of blood glucose levels and an improvement of insulin target cells in the muscle cells.Â

EFEKTIVITAS VARIASI KONSENTRASI LARUTAN AIR GARAM DAN VARIASI WAKTU PERENDAMAN DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR FORMALIN PADA TAHU PUTIH

Kandungan protein dan kadar air tahu yang cukup tinggi menyebabkan tahu tidak dapat bertahan lama,sehingga ada pedagang yang menggunakan formalin sebagai pengawet. Formalin merupakan bahan beracun danberbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi kadar garam dan variasiwaktu yang efektif untuk menurunkan kadar formalin pada tahu. Desain penelitian ini adalah True Experimentaldengan dengan bentuk posttest only control group design. Sampel diambil dengan metode Simple RandomSampling. Uji hipotesis secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji Anova Factorial dengan α=0,005. Konsentrasilarutan air garam 5%, dapat menurunkan kadar formalin rata-rata 2.702 ppm (16%); konsentrasi 10% menurunkan5.741 ppm (34%); dan konsentrasi 15%, dapat menurunkan 8.655 ppm (51%). Perendaman selama 15 menit dapatmenurunkan formalin rata-rata 5.714 ppm (33%); perendaman 30 menit menurunkan 5.261 ppm (31%); danperendaman 60 menit menurunkan 6.122 ppm 36). Interaksi konsentrasi 15% selama 60 menit menurunkan kadarformalin tahu optimal rata-rata sebesar 9.575 ppm (62%). Semua varia

Review of Insulin Therapy In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ambulatory Patients

The purposes of this study were to review utilization of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus out patients and identify its drug related problems. The data were collected cross-sectionally with purposive sampling method in the period March 2016 until May 2016 in Outpatient Clinic Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital Surabaya. The results of 240 patients showed that insulin was used as monotherapy insulin in 2,9% patients; combination 1 insulin & 1-4 OAD in 31,3%; basal bolus therapy 27,9%; combination basal−bolus therapy & 1-3 OAD 43,9%. Based on blood glucose target achievement, only 20,8% of patients achieve the target, 75,1% failed to achieve the target and 4,1%   suffered from hypoglycemia. Drug related problems identified adverse drug reaction of antidiabetic therapy such as hypoglycemia (6.7%), nausea (3.8%), bloating (1.3%), increase of flatulency (2.9%) and inappropriate combination (0,4%). In conclusion insulin therapy was complicated and individually, most of the patients still did not reach the target and there was potential drug related problem in this patients group. So that caring from solid inter-professional health collaboration is neede

FARMAKOKINETIKA-POPULASI DARI GENTAMISIN : STUDI PADA PENDERITA BEDAH UROLOGI

Penelitian ini memperlajari pemodelan farmakokinetik populasi gentamisin dengan pendekatan nonparametrik, menggunakan algoritma Nonparameteric Expectation Maximization, dengan populasi penderita bedah urologi. Pemodelan dilakukan 13 penderita dengan karakteristik pria, usia 40-75 tahun, berat badan 43-79 kg, tinggi badan 151-180 cm, kreatinin serum 0,6-2,3 mg/dl. Gentamisin dosis 80 mg iv bolus diberikan 1 jam sebelum operasi dan pengambilan cuplikan sebanyak dua kali dilakukan pada waktu antara 4-8 jam setelah injeksi gentamisin. Penentuan kadar dilakukan dengan metode Flourescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA-TDX). Analisis populasi dilakukan dengan 4 parameterisasi. Pertama, hubungan antara tetapan eliminasi (Kel) dan Volume distribusi apparent total (Vd). Kedua, hubungan antara tetapan eliminasi yang dikaitkan dengan klirens kreatinin (KS) dan volume distribusi yang dikaitkan dengan berat badan (VS). Ketiga, hubungan antara klirens (C1) dan volume distribusi apperent total (Vd). Keempat, hubungan antara Klirens yang dikaitkan dengan klirens kreatinin (CS) dan volume distribusi yang dikaitkan dengan berat badan (VS). ..

Efek N-Asetil-L- Sistein (NAC) Terhadap Kadar Adma Plasma Dan Ekspresi Protein Vcam-l Pada Disfungsi Endotel Tikus Diabetes

Endothelial dysfunction is an early state of symptoms in a cardiovascular disease. An elevated oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of macrovascular diabetic complication. The present study was design to evaluate the effect of NAC on plasma ADMA level and the expression of VCAM-1 protein on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups i.e. normal rats, diabetic rats, treatment with NAC 30 mg/kgBW, NAC 56 mg/ kgBW and NAC 100 mg/kgBW. Diabetic rats model was induced by intraperitonial administration of alloxan monohydrate at dose of 150 mg/kgBW, diabetes occurred on 3nd day after alloxan injection and then started treatment of N-acetyl-L-cystein for 28 days. ADMA plasma level was analyzed with Elisa Reader and the expression of VCAM-1 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion of this research is that treatment with NAC 30 mg/kgBW, NAC 56 mg/kgBW and NAC 100 mg/kgBW for 28 days may prevent oxidative stress indicated by the decreasing of plasma ADMA level by 45.8%: 55.75% and 65.92%, respectively and the decreasing of the expression of VCAM-1 protein on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rat by 24%: 31.75% and 58.92%, respectively

Paricalcitol For CKD-MBD Associated With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Series Focus On TRAP5b, b-ALP, and DKK-1

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) that caused by phosphate retention and hypocalcemia. This condition known as mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). The increase in parathyroid hormone would increase bone turnover that result in an increased risk of bone fractures, and vascular calcification. These will increase the levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP), which is a marker of bone turnover, and also dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), which is an inhibitor of the Wnt pathway. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD also caused by calcitriol deficiency. Paricalcitol is a synthetic calcitrol analogue used to reduce parathyroid hormone (iPTH) with minimal calcemic and phosphatemic activity. Vitamin D receptor activation by paricalcitol will decrease TRAP5b, b-ALP, and DKK-1. In this study we reported 9 cases of CKD-MBD with Hemodialysis (HD) and associated with sHPT. Four of nine cases received 5μg paricalcitol every HD (twice a week) while the others five is not. Level of iPTH, phosphate, calcium, TRAP5b, b-ALP, and DKK-1 were measured before initiation of study and after three months treatment. According to this study, the paricalcol administration suppresses the increase in iPTH level, bone turnover and vascular calcification showed by decreasing or supresses the increase b-ALP, TRAP5b, DKK-1  leves without increasing calcium and phosphate levels

Effect Of Atorvastatin Treatment On Vascular Aterogenic Factors (Lipid Profiles And VCAM-1) In Patient Diabetes With Dyslipidemia

To analyze effectiveness of atorvastatin 20mg on lipid profiles and adhesion molecule VCAM-1 in patient with diabetes dyslipidemia. An observational prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2016 to March 2017. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were taken twice for their lipid profiles and VCAM-1 measurements (before initiation of study and after 6 weeks treatment of atorvastatin 20mg). There were 13 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The results of 13 patients showed that after 6 weeks of atorvastatin therapy, there was a 28% decrease in total cholesterol (t0=223.77±49.69, t1=160.92±24.69), 39% LDL decrease (t0=152.59±44.25, t1 =93±21.44), a decrease in TG 38.6% (t0=200.85±101.53, t1=123.30±62.77) and a statistically significant decrease in VCAM-1 7.47% (t0=729.59±208.06, t1=675.06±182.88). The results of the correlation test between total cholesterol and VCAM-1 (p=0.185, r=0.268), LDL and VCAM-1 (p=0.127, r=0.307), TG and VCAM-1 (p=0.198, r=0.261) showed no correlation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that atorvastatin therapy can provide improvements in atherogenic factors such as decreased lipid profile and VCAM-1, and there was no correlation between lipid profile and VCAM-1 in type 2 DM patients with dyslipidemia