Calibration of a resistance thermometer down to 0.04 degrees K

Method for calibrating germanium-resistance thermometers in cryostats between 0.4 degrees K and 4 degrees K involves extrapolating the specific heat of a simple metal to low temperatures. This method is used when a magnetic thermometer is not available

Teacher Education Needs Teachers : But Can the Supply be Planned?

On the face of it planning the supply of teachers for Australian schools by estimating the supply of, and demand for, primary and secondary teachers in Government and non-Government schools seems eminently rational. With inflation curbing public spending, with political support for public spending on education eroding, with a consequent tightening of educational budgets, and a new austerity demanding that there be no surpluses - that nothmg more be produced than what is required for the purposes in hand - what more needs to be said? If educational plannmg is ratonal, and, in particular, if it is rational that forecasts of future long-run equilibria in teacher demand and supply should provide a basis for planning teachers for Australian schools, then rational people must endorse such an approach. To dissent would be irrational. Or would it

As to any climate change: is it not time that we academic lawyers cease to pose the question and to begin to provide an answer?

The juxtaposition of the law, the environment and indigenous peoples in one short-breathed expression of the theme for this conference could well be regarded, not as an expiration, but an inspiration! Why? Because it is probably not very often, if at all, that we teachers of the law have been invited to ponder the very special nature of the connection between the law, the environment and indigenous peoples. It is one of the particular aims of this paper to begin to explore, and to explicate further, the nature of this connection ... what might it be that these seemingly very disparate systems have in common? Such a question, however, cannot begin to be answered without at least attempting to call to mind the answers which have already been given to that primary, perennial, jurisprudential question,"What is the law?". This paper will review such answers quickly and briefly, though not without a small measure of critical analysis, if only because the ground which such a review might cover is already very familiar, intellectual terrain for any teacher of law. But then the paper will go on to devote considerably more attention to the potential, which the author does believe is there, for the comparatively, recently enunciated "complexity theory" to give compelling insights into the homologous nature of the law, the environment and indigenous peoples and, hence, into the essence of the connection among these three, very different systems. Why does this paper intend to devote such time and attention to something, which some might view, at best, as purely esoteric and others might regard, at worst, as simply peripheral? The answer to that question is that the author of this particular paper believes that what is really at stake in this Conference, is not merely the quality of our academic debate, but also the extent to which we can come to appreciate how the law, as a recognized instrument of policy, can impact more effectively (or at least less destructively?) on both our indigenous peoples and/or our environment

CrossFits: Injury prevalence and main risk factors

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine prevalences of injuries associated with CrossFits training and assess profiles of these injuries and the affected athletes. METHODS: Data were collected over a 12-month period using a questionnaire administered directly to practitioners at CrossFits-affiliated fitness centers in the state of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Of the 414 participants, 157 (37.9%) participants reported having suffered an injury while practicing CrossFits. RESULTS: The injury rate was 3.24 injuries per 1,000 hours of training. The probability of injury for athletes who had practiced CrossFits for longer than 12 months was 82.2%, which was higher than the corresponding probability for beginner athletes. The probability of injury was 5-fold higher among competitive-level athletes than that among less-experienced athletes. No evidence of an association between the occurrence of injuries during CrossFits practice and any of the following athlete characteristics was found: age, gender, practice of other sports, weight, and height. The incidence of injuries in this sports modality was similar to that in other modalities, including Olympic weight lifting (OWL), basic weight lifting, and artistic gymnastics. CONCLUSION: CrossFits appears to be a training program that is suitable for different age groups when performed in a safe environment and with assistance from qualified professionals

EVALUATION OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXPOSED FRACTURES BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of open fractures considering the periods before and during the pandemic. Methods: An observational and retrospective study, which included patients aged over 18 years, admitted to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Ward of Hospital São Paulo, of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). Data was collected in two moments: pre-pandemic (March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020) and during the pandemic (March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Results: In total, 183 patients were evaluated with a mean age of 36 years ± 14 years. In the pre-pandemic period, 94 patients underwent surgery, 81 men (85.37%) and 13 women (14.2%), with a mean age of 36 ± 3 years. During the pandemic period, 89 patients were subjected to surgery, 77 men (86.6%) and 12 women (13.4%), with a mean age of 38 ± 3 years. Conclusion: During the pandemic, open fractures were still more common in men. Regarding hospital indicators, the prevalence of infections in the surgical wound and the length of stay of patients with open fractures increased, however, with little significance. Fractures classified as Gustilo IIIA were the most common, while the most common according to the AO classification were 33, 34, 42, 43, 2R3, and 2R3 + 2U2. The frequency of run overs during the pandemic decreased. However, firearm projectile injuries and falls and occupational injuries increased. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Comparative Study

Spironolactone and colitis: Increased mortality in rodents and in humans

Background: Crohn's disease causes intestinal inflammation leading to intestinal fibrosis. Spironolactone is an antifibrotic medication commonly used in heart failure to reduce mortality. We examined whether spironolactone is antifibrotic in the context of intestinal inflammation. Methods: In vitro, spironolactone repressed fibrogenesis in transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β)‐stimulated human colonic myofibroblasts. However, spironolactone therapy significantly increased mortality in two rodent models of inflammation‐induced intestinal fibrosis, suggesting spironolactone could be harmful during intestinal inflammation. Since inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients rarely receive spironolactone therapy, we examined whether spironolactone use was associated with mortality in a common cause of inflammatory colitis, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Results: Spironolactone use during CDI infection was associated with increased mortality in a retrospective cohort of 4008 inpatients (15.9% vs. 9.1%, n = 390 deaths, P < 0.0001). In patients without liver disease, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for inpatient mortality associated with 80 mg spironolactone was 1.99 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51–2.63) In contrast to the main effect of spironolactone mortality, multivariate modeling revealed a protective interaction between liver disease and spironolactone dose. The adjusted OR for mortality after CDI was 1.96 (95% CI: 1.50–2.55) for patients without liver disease on spironolactone vs. 1.28 (95% CI: 0.82–2.00) for patients with liver disease on spironolactone when compared to a reference group without liver disease or spironolactone use. Conclusions: We propose that discontinuation of spironolactone in patients without liver disease during CDI could reduce hospital mortality by 2‐fold, potentially reducing mortality from CDI by 35,000 patients annually across Europe and the U.S. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92045/1/21929_ftp.pd

Life-Span Perspective of Personality in Dementia

To propose an alternative view of personality change in dementia by presenting existing evidence for the continuity of personality. Significance : As the population continues to age, dementing illnesses will account for a greater proportion of morbidity and mortality; the care of these people will have a significant effect on the health care system. Organizing Framework : Life-span perspective of personality continuity. Scope, Method : Review of current literature on personality in dementia using Medline, 1980–1994; CINAHL, 1990–1994; and Psych Lit, 1980–1994. Findings : Although there are systematic shifts in personality with dementia, individuals tend to maintain their unique pattern of premorbid personality traits. Conclusions : The personalities of dementia patients seem to reflect adaptive patterns that served them in the past. Implications : Use of a life-span perspective can enhance individualized care for demented patients and advance theory development.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73653/1/j.1547-5069.1996.tb00380.x.pd

The peatland map of Europe

Based on the ‘European Mires Book’ of the International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG), this article provides a composite map of national datasets as the first comprehensive peatland map for the whole of Europe. We also present estimates of the extent of peatlands and mires in each European country individually and for the entire continent. A minimum peat thickness criterion has not been strictly applied, to allow for (often historically determined) country-specific definitions. Our ‘peatland’ concept includes all ‘mires’, which are peatlands where peat is being formed. The map was constructed by merging national datasets in GIS while maintaining the mapping scales of the original input data. This ‘bottom-up’ approach indicates that the overall area of peatland in Europe is 593,727 km². Mires were found to cover more than 320,000 km² (around 54 % of the total peatland area). If shallow-peat lands (< 30 cm peat) in European Russia are also taken into account, the total peatland area in Europe is more than 1,000,000 km2, which is almost 10 % of the total surface area. Composite inventories of national peatland information, as presented here for Europe, may serve to identify gaps and priority areas for field survey, and help to cross-check and calibrate remote sensing based mapping approaches