Active safety systems for powered two-wheelers: A systematic review

Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts. Methods: A broad search using "safety" as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings. Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness. Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies

Hanseníase em menores de quinze anos no município de Paracatu, MG (1994 a 2001) Leprosy in patients under fifteen years of age in the city of Paracatu-MG (1994 to 2001)

O Município de Paracatu-MG é considerado prioritário para ações de controle da hanseníase devido às suas taxas de detecção e prevalência desta nosologia, sobretudo em menores de quinze anos. Nos anos de 1998 e 1999, realizou-se um trabalho de esclarecimento sobre sinais e sintomas da doença para uma população de cerca de oito mil escolares, o que contribuiu para o incremento da taxa de detecção da doença em menores de quinze anos, sendo o município classificado como hiperendêmico entre os anos de 1997 e 2001. Realizou-se também um trabalho de desenho descritivo de quarenta e cinco pacientes diagnosticados e tratados no município de Paracatu entre 1994 e 2001. Cinqüenta e três por cento dos diagnósticos foram em crianças do sexo masculino, 75,5% dos casos se situavam entre dez e catorze anos de idade e a escolaridade da população deste estudo está defasada em relação à idade, sendo que 84% da clientela morava em zona urbana. Todos os inscritos (100%) foram casos novos, 56,0% de forma multibacilar, forma clínica Dimorfa, e 44% de formas paucibacilares, como a forma clinica Indeterminada (30,8%) e a Tuberculóide (13,2%). Todos foram tratados segundo esquema padrão, com 100% de cura. Vinte e quatro por cento dos doentes apresentaram reações no diagnóstico e durante o tratamento, e 9% apresentaram reações no pós-alta. Vinte e dois por cento dos doentes apresentavam algum grau de incapacidade no diagnóstico e 13% apresentavam algum grau de incapacidade na alta (índice considerado alto). Verificou-se que 62% dos pacientes tinham contatos intradomiciliares portadores de hanseníase, sendo que somente em 15,5% destes contatos foram verificadas as duas cicatrizes da vacina BCG. A hanseníase é um sério problema de saúde pública no município estudado, e o trabalho realizado com escolares foi fundamental para o aumento da detecção dos casos.<br>The city of Paracatu-MG is considered a priority for leprosy control actions due to the high rates of detection and prevalence of the condition, especially among children under fifteen years of age. In 1998 and 1999, an information program was implemented in order to provide explanations on the signs and symptoms of the disease to a population of 8,000 students, in order to improve the detection rate of the disease in children under fifteen years of age, given Paracatu was classified as a hyper-endemic city between 1997 and 2001. A descriptive study was carried out comprising forty-five patients diagnosed and treated in Paracatu between 1994 and 2001. Fifty-three percent of diagnoses were in male children, 75.5% of the cases being between ten and fourteen years of age; individuals had less years of schooling than what would be expected for their ages; 84% of the population lived in the urban area. All patients included (100%) were new cases, of which 56% were multibacillary forms, mainly the Dimorph clinical form (potentially infectious), followed by the Undetermined (30.8%) and Tuberculoid (13.2%) forms. All were treated according to standard procedures, with a 100% cure rate. During treatment 24% of patients presented reactions, and 9% did after being discharged. Twenty-two percent of patients were diagnosed with some degree of disability, and 13% presented some degree of disability upon discharge (a rate considered high). Sixty-two percent of patients had contact with other Hansen's disease bearers, and only 15.5% of these contacts had two BCG vaccine scars. Leprosy is a serious public health problem in the city studied, and the work accomplished with students was primary to increase case detection