Development of a polyclonal competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium

A polyclonal competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PC-ELISA) is described for detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium by using a soluble extract of endothelial cell culture-derived E. ruminantium as the antigen and biotin-labeled polyclonal goat immunoglobulins as the competitor. For goats, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were both 100% with a cutoff of 80% inhibition (80 PI), with detection of antibodies for 550 days postinfection. For cattle, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 86 and 100%, respectively, with a cutoff of 50 PI and 79 and 100% with a cutoff of 70 PI. Cross-reactions with high-titer experimental or field antisera to other Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species were observed at up to 68 PI in cattle and up to 85 PI in sheep, and therefore to exclude these cross-reactions, cutoffs of 70 PI for bovine serology and 85 PI for small-ruminant serology were selected. Application of the PC-ELISA to bovine field sera from South Africa gave a higher proportion of positive results than application of the murine macrophage immunofluorescent antibody test or indirect ELISA, suggesting a better sensitivity for detection of recovered cattle, and results with bovine field sera from Malawi were consistent with the observed endemic state of heartwater and the level of tick control practiced at the sample sites. Reproducibility was high, with average standard deviations intraplate of 1.2 PI and interplate of 0.6 PI. The test format is simple, and the test is economical to perform and has a level of sensitivity for detection of low-titer positive bovine sera that may prove to be of value in epidemiological studies on heartwater

Growth of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, in a tick cell line

The tick-borne rickettsia Cowdria ruminantium has been propagated continuously for over 500 days in the Ixodes scapularis tick cell line IDE8 by using the Gardel isolate from bovine endothelial cells as an inoculum. Infection of the tick cells was confirmed by PCR, karyotyping, electron microscopy, and reinfection of bovine cells

Development of APC (ZrO2) Nb3Sn Multifilamentary and Ternary Conductor

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Division of High Energy Physics, under SBIR phase I DE-SC0013849 and University Grant DE-SC0011721We have demonstrated grain refinement by a factor of 3 and a doubling of 12 T Jcin monofilaments •Internal oxidation can be used in many Nb3Sn strand types, including Tube (demonstrated) PIT (proposed), RRP/RIT (proposed) etc. •Ternary strands under development: Possible to inject Tiinto internally oxidized Nb3Sn layers •Sn contents remain high with Tiadditions, but Bc2 increase not yet seen –may need to add more Ti •Multifilamentarystrands have been demonstrated with refined grains and enhanced Jc values. •New designs which have push non-Cu fraction to above 50% and reaction fraction to above 30% are demonstrated (measurements underway) These need (1) To be optimized, and (2) To be demonstrated for a ternary alloy with the ternary alloy Bc2 •This route is very promising for future Nb3Sn developmen

Atmospheric conditions and their effect on ball-milled magnesium diboride

Magnesium diboride bulk pellets were fabricated from pre-reacted MgB2 powder ball milled with different amounts of exposure to air. Evidence of increased electron scattering including increased resistivity, depressed Tc, and enhanced Hc2 of the milled and heat treated samples were observed as a result of increased contact with air. These and other data were consistent with alloying with carbon as a result of exposure to air. A less clear trend of decreased connectivity associated with air exposure was also observed. In making the case that exposure to air should be considered a doping process, these results may explain the wide varibability of "undoped" MgB2 properties extant in the literature.Comment: Work presented at ASC 2006 in Seattl

Randomised field trial to evaluate serological response after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in Turkey

AbstractDespite years of biannual mass vaccination of cattle, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains uncontrolled in Anatolian Turkey. To evaluate protection after mass vaccination we measured post-vaccination antibodies in a cohort of cattle (serotypes O, A and Asia-1). To obtain results reflecting typical field protection, participants were randomly sampled from across Central and Western Turkey after routine vaccination. Giving two-doses one month apart is recommended when cattle are first vaccinated against FMD. However, due to cost and logistics, this is not routinely performed in Turkey, and elsewhere. Nested within the cohort, we conducted a randomised trial comparing post-vaccination antibodies after a single-dose versus a two-dose primary vaccination course.Four to five months after vaccination, only a third of single-vaccinated cattle had antibody levels above a threshold associated with protection. A third never reached this threshold, even at peak response one month after vaccination. It was not until animals had received three vaccine doses in their lifetime, vaccinating every six months, that most (64% to 86% depending on serotype) maintained antibody levels above this threshold. By this time cattle would be >20 months old with almost half the population below this age. Consequently, many vaccinated animals will be unprotected for much of the year. Compared to a single-dose, a primary vaccination course of two-doses greatly improved the level and duration of immunity. We concluded that the FMD vaccination programme in Anatolian Turkey did not produce the high levels of immunity required. Higher potency vaccines are now used throughout Turkey, with a two-dose primary course in certain areas.Monitoring post-vaccination serology is an important component of evaluation for FMD vaccination programmes. However, consideration must be given to which antigens are present in the test, the vaccine and the field virus. Differences between these antigens affect the relationship between antibody titre and protection

Achievement of FCC specification in critical current density for Nb3Sn superconductors with artificial pinning centers

In this letter we demonstrate achievement of record non-Cu critical current density (Jc,non-Cu) in ternary, multifilamentary Nb3Sn conductors by the introduction of artificial pinning centers (APC). In the past two years, we have made great progress in the development of APC Nb3Sn wires. Recent resistivity vs magnetic field measurements confirmed the high upper critical field (Bc2) of ternary APC wires, which at 4.2 K was ~28 T, about 1-2 T higher than present state-of-the-art conductors. In addition to high Bc2, it was found that APC wires have noticeably higher Sn content in the Nb3Sn layers as compared to standard wires. The Jc,non-Cu values of the most-recent APC wires have met the Jc,non-Cu-B specification required by the Future Circular Collider (FCC), with the best heat treatment leading to a Jc,nonCu 29% higher than the FCC specification at 21 T. Microscopy analysis shows that the APC wires still have overly high residual Nb fractions due to too low of a Sn/Nb ratio, indicating that there is still great potential for further Jc,non-Cu improvement. The development of APC wires is ongoing; this letter details some of the steps forward in the optimization and lays out a roadmap to push the APC wires towards practical, magnet-grade conductors.Comment: 4 figure