Survey to evaluate the proficiency in the use of antibacterial drugs in shrimp farming in the state of Sonora, Mexico

Antibiotic drugs (ABD) are often used in shrimp farms to treat the disease when a bacterial diagnosis is presumed. This scenario was the impetus to carry out a field survey to define how ABD are employed in the State of Sonora, the second largest producer of shrimp in Mexico. Twenty‐nine farms were surveyed through their general managers. According to interviews conducted, the most frequent bacterial diseases that were treated with antibiotics in 2020 were: Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (65%), vibriosis (51%), and Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (41%). The most common ABDs were enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and florfenicol, and drug preparations employed were often intended for non‐aquaculture species, mainly poultry, and pigs. The main criteria for selecting a given antibiotic was a direct recommendation, followed by the market price. Neither pharmacokinetics nor pharmacodynamics nor harvesting withdrawal time were taken into account. The absence of protocols to safeguard the health and integrity of workers was detected, training programs for the responsible use of ABD were not encountered, and no data on bacterial resistance to ABD is available in this region. It is concluded that at least formal studies to define the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics are needed to rationalize their use in shrimp production

EVALUACIÓN ETNOFARMACOLÓGICA DE LA CURCUMINA (Curcuma longa) EN OVINOS ESTABULADOS INFECTADOS CON Eimeria spp.

La coccidiosis ovina es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por protozoarios del género Eimeria, la cual puede influir negativamente en la salud y en el rendimiento productivo de los borregos con una mortalidad de hasta el 20%. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por una alta producción de citocinas proinflamatorias y estrés oxidativo, los cuales pueden dañar el tejido intestinal. En la actualidad, para el tratamiento de la coccidiosis se usan medicamentos. Sin embargo, la resistencia a los compuestos anticoccidiales y la preocupación por los residuos de medicamentos en la leche y en la carne ha llevado a la evaluación de alternativas para prevenir y controlar esta enfermedad. Con base en resultados preliminares, se evaluó en este estudio el uso de Curcuma longa en la suplementación de dieta. Veinte corderos criollos infectados naturalmente con Eimeria spp., de 28 días de edad, con un peso promedio de 12 kg se divididos en cinco grupos. Tres grupos se trataron por vía oral durante 14 días con 50 mg/kg PV, 100 mg/kg PV o 200 mg/kg PV de C. longa. Un grupo tratado con placebo y un grupo control no tratado. Las muestras de heces se obtuvieron cada tercer día para determinar la eficacia anticoccidial. Además, los animales se pesaron el día cero y 42. Para evaluar la actividad inmunomodulatoria de la curcumina se midieron citocinas por ELISA, una proinflamatoria (INF-γ) y una inmunorreguladora (IL-10). La peroxidación de lípidos y la generación de nitritos se determinó por medio del ensayo de malondialdehído en suero y la reacción de Griess, respectivamente. La actividad anticoccidial de la C. longa aumentó con el tiempo en los tres grupos tratados y alcanzó una eficacia del 100% en el día 42. Los animales tratados con 200 mg/kg de C. longa ganaron el doble del peso diario en comparación con los grupos no tratados. Los niveles de IL-10 fueron más altos en los animales tratados, mientras que la peroxidación lipídica y la generación de nitritos fueron significativamente más bajos. Los resultados mostraron que la administración de la curcumina puede reducir la producción de ooquiste, la pérdida de peso, la inflamación y los efectos relacionados con el estrés oxidativo causado por infecciones por Eimeria spp. en corderos

Guía Mexicana para el Diagnóstico y el Tratamiento de la Urticaria

La urticaria es una enfermedad que padece una quinta parte de la población en algún momento de su vida. Las guías inter- nacionales recientes han propuesto unos cambios de fondo en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por lo que había la necesidad de crear una guía nacional y multidisciplinaria, con base amplia en los gremios de especialistas y médicos de primer contacto en México. ABSTRACT Urticaria is a disease that a fifth of the population shall suffer once in a lifetime. Recent clinical guidelines have proposed some fundamental changes in the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria, making the development of a national, multidisciplinary guideline, with wide acceptability among different professional groups –both specialists and primary health care workers–, necessary in Mexico

Quiroz Romero, Héctor

-Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuaria

Practical and pharmacological considerations for the administration of antibacterial drugs in Poultry. A Review

Existe un creciente abismo entre la información científica que se venera en torno al uso de antibacterianos en aves, así como la problemática del abuso en la medicación de estos fármacos, como es el caso de la resistencia bacteriana y la persistencia de residuos de fármacos en carne y huevo, y el tiempo que pueden destinar los clínicos a mantenerse actualizados. Los bancos de datos computarizados arrojan un total de publicaciones de tal magnitud, que se hace imposible su lectura por clínicos del ejercicio libre. En este sentido, la generación de estudios retrospectivos puede resultar de utilidad para estrechar el vacío de información que existe entre los clínicos, ocupados todo el día con a problemática del campo y las fuentes académicas. En este estudio retrospectivo y crítico, se hace énfasis sobre los aspectos farmacológicos pertinentes, únicamente, a los pollos de engorde, aves de postura y progenitoras. Se ha evitado la extrapolación de datos entre especies o la adaptación de la información farmacológica del hombre a las aves. Aun así, sólo se eligieron as citas representativas del cause de la información. De tal suerte, las investigaciones presentadas y citadas son tan sólo in pequeño porcentaje de la literatura mundial que abarca miles de trabajos. No obstante, el énfasis es el de presentar información farmacológica práctica, exclusiva de la especie mencionada, confrontándola con la realidad del campo y las percepciones de eficacia o falla del clínico. La información se resume en forma de cuadros para facilitar la consulta rápida.251 - 266BimestralThere is a growing gap between the production of scientific information on the use and abuse of antibacterial drugs in the poultry industry and the time per day the busy clinician can afford to keep up to date in such matters. Computerized data banks reveal that the astonishing amount of information available on the pharmacology of antibacterial agents in chickens is impossible to read, in particular to clinicians. In this context, retrospective studies can contribute to narrow the aforementioned gap of information between academia and clinicians. This study includes only relevant data to the mentioned species, avoiding repetitive information or data extrapolated from other species or human beings. Only some selected works are referenced from thousands of them carried out worldwide. The aim of this paper was to present practical pharmacological information on the use and possible misuse of antibacterial drugs in chickens. Often comparative analysis is made between perception of efficacy under field conditions and experimental soundness of available information. The information is summarized in tables to allow easy reference

In vivo anticoccidial activity of quinfamide in broilers: a preliminary report

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of quinfamide in broilers. Three different treatments were implemented over a 49-day period as follows: quinfamide; quinfamide plus carbopol and decoquinate, all prepared as small pellets and mixed with feed at a final dose of either active principle of 30 ppm. Parameters measured were: weight gain, number of oocysts shedding per gram of litter and degree of gross lesions caused by coccidia. Body weight gain was statistically greater for quinfamide and quinfamide-carbopol groups in comparison to other groups. However, only the quinfamide-carbopol group showed similar efficacy in the occyst counts as compared to the decoquinate group. Statistically significant differences were observed when intestinal lesions score were compared and the less affected group was quinfamide-carbopol. Based on these results, it is concluded that quinfamide possesses a low anticoccidial efficacy. However, this is noticeably improved when it is prepared as pellets with carbopol. The adhesion of carbopol to intestinal mucosa may influence residence time of quinfamide in the gastrointestinal tract, thus enhancing efficacy

Clinical efficacy of neural therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs

The aim of this trial was to assess the clinical efficacy of neural therapy (NT) when treating canine atopic dermatitis. Eighteen dogs (no control group), with at least a 12-month history of having nonseasonal atopic dermatitis, were included. No medication with either glucocorticoids or cyclosporin was allowed during the trial. One set of NT was given by injecting an intravenous dose of 0.1 mg/kg of a 0.7% procaine solution, followed by 10 to 25 intradermal injections of the same solution in a volume of 0.1–0.3 mL per site. Dogs were given 6–13 sets of NT during the therapy. The dermatological condition of each patient was evaluated before and after the treatment using two scales: the pruritus visual analogue scale (PVAS) and the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI). The reduction of pruritus was statistically significant using a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test (P < 0.001). No adverse side effects were observed. NT seems to be an effective alternative to control signs related to canine atopic dermatitis

Enrofloxacin hydrochloride dihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H23FN3O3+·Cl−·2H2O [systematic name: 4-(3-carboxy-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-7-yl)-1-ethylpiperazin-1-ium chloride dihydrate], consists of two independent monocations of the protonated enrofloxacin, two chloride anions and four water molecules. In the cations, the piperazinium rings adopt chair conformations and the dihedral angles between the cyclopropyl ring and the 10-membered quinoline ring system are 56.55 (2) and 51.11 (2)°. An intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond is observed in each cation. In the crystal, the components are connected via O—H...Cl, N—H...Cl and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and a π–π interaction between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6726 (13) Å], resulting in a three-dimensional array