Cold War in Space: Reconnaissance Satellites and US-Soviet Security Competition

This article traces the history of US and Soviet reconnaissance satellites during the Cold War. It fills the gap in historiography of the Space Race that has inadequately studied military space programs and focused largely on civilian spaceflight, with the Apollo Moon landings being a prime example. It argues that the military satellites employed by both the US and Soviets offered unprecedented amounts of information on the other side and eliminated the issue of lacking intelligence that characterized the early Cold War. This in turn allowed for a more peaceful coexistence between these two ideologically opposed superpowers. Spy satellites allowed for a better assessment of the other side’s military strength, created a system of early warning for nuclear attacks, and offered a non-invasive way of verifying arms control treaties. These reconnaissance satellites and their successors play this important role up to this day

The Politics of Electoral Reforms in Post-Communist Countries: The 6 March 2005 Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Moldova

The article deals with the March 6th 2005 parliamentary election in the Republic of Moldova. It mentions the changes that occurred in the electoral system after the 1991 declaration of independence of the country. The article cites electoral legislation, describes the running of the electoral process and analyses the election results of the 2006 process. It also contains information about the implication of international bodies in the Moldavian elections

Faktor Determinan Sosial Mempengaruhi Manajemen Laktasi pada Ibu Hamil Diwilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kalumata Kecamatan Ternate Selatan Kota Ternate Tahun 2013

Sulima Hamadun Gay*) Abstract : Lactation management for pregnant women is based on the consequences of the process of growth and development of the baby in the womb until the time of birth and during early life gold. This study aims to determine the relationship determinant with maternal lactation management working area Kalumata District Health Center South Ternate Ternate in North Maluku. In 2013.This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design. Large sample of 180 pregnant women first and second trimester. Data analysis was done by Chi Scuare test and correction by using logistic regression. The results showed that there is a relationship between knowledge (p = 0.000), compliance (p = 0.000), husband's support (p = 0.000), health care (p = 0.000), the ability of officers (p = 0.001), and the local culture p = 0.002) while there was no association of economic status (p = 0148) on the implementation of management of lactation in pregnant women. From this study it can be concluded that the bulk of the determinant factors related to the implementation of the management of lactation in pregnant women, therefore, required the participation or cooperation of all parties in order to increase coverage breastfeeding infants

Estimating Model Life Tables using both Abridged Life Table and Brass Relational Two- parameter Logit System in Twenty Six States in Sudan From the Population Census Data (2008)

     The objective of the study is to enhance methodology in the area of adult mortality and to attempt to correct defective data in Sudan and the twenty-six Stats to estimate adult mortality and life table using Brass relational two-parameter logit system, also to estimate the probability of dying and expectation of life at birth using adjusted data in the twenty-six States in Sudan through Brass relational two-parameter logit system. A comparison was made between the adjusted life table for Sudan and the twenty-six Stats with the original Abridge model life table in order to test the reliability of the method used. The data was gathered from Population Census Data 2008. Values for e0 calculated by Brass Logit System when compared with those calculated using the abridge life table, were reasonable and realistic, the abridge life table e0 might be affected by the defective data .Life expectancy e0  for the whole country found to be 59 years using abridge life table, where Life expectancy calculated using Brass method found to be 54 years, in Gezira, Eastern Equatoria, Nahr El Nile, Northern and Sinnar states Life expectancy e0  equal to 74,72 71, 75and 72 years respectively, where e0 values calculated by Brass Logit System for the same group of states were 58, 56, 58, 59 and 57 respectively. In Northern Bahr El Ghazal, Unity and Warrap, Bahr El Ghazal e0 values rise from 30, 30, 44, and 46 to 44, 55, 54 and 51respectively after using Brass Logit System. In Sudan  , indicates low mortality relative to the standard, Blue Nile, Northern Bahr El Ghazal, West Darfur have positive values of indicates high mortality relative to the standard. North Kordfan state = -2.545524 out of the reasonable range. In Sudan and Blue Nile high value of indicates a low infant and child mortality and a high adult mortality relative to the standard. The majority of states recorded a value of higher than the upper limit of the reasonable range , except Al Gadarief reported indicates a high infant and child mortality and low adult mortality

Conversion of microwave signals by superconducting films in the resistive state

The main characteristics of a superconducting thin film microwave mixer, i.e., conversion efficiency and bandwidth are analyzed. The optimum operating regime of the nonlinear element is determined. Results of calculations are compared with the experimental ones. Experimental data on the noise in the superconducting films in a wide frequency range are presented

Phototransistor (PT) in the 2 Micron Region

Within the framework of the project the University of Delaware has developed InGaAsSb-based heterojunction phototransistors (HPT) structure with a large (1000 micron diameter) photosensitive/photoactive area. Two different compositions of quaternary alloys were used to provide the cutoff wavelength (50% of maximum quantum efficiency) of 2.4 micron (Type 1) and 2.15 micron (Type 2). The Type 1 HPT was composed of Al0.25Ga0.75As0.02Sb0.98 and In0.18Ga0.82As0.17Sb0.83 layers with room-temperature bandgaps of Eg approximates 1.0 eV and Eg approximates 0.54 eV, respectively. The layers are lattice-matched to a GaSb substrate. The growth started with a 0.15micron-thick n+-GaSb buffer layer and was completed with a 0.1 m-thick n+- GaSb contact layer doped with Te. The HPT structure includes a 0.5 m-thick n-type AlGaAsSb emitter, 0.8 micron-thick p-type composite base consisting of AlGaAsSb (0.3 m) and InGaAsSb (0.5 m) layers, and a 1.5micron - thick n type InGaAsSb collector. The Type 2 HPT differed by a higher bandgap In0.16Ga0.84As 0.14Sb0.86 layers with a room-temperature bandgap of Eg approximates 0.555 eV

La protection du droit à l'éducation des enfants roms en Europe centrale et orientale

Entre 2007 et 2013, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a prononcé des arrêts portant sur la ségrégation discriminatoire des écoliers d’ethnie rom dans des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale – République tchèque, Croatie, Hongrie. Cette jurisprudence permet de faire un point sur l'efficacité des politiques d'intégration de ces pays

Perypetie teorii i praktyk dialogowych w wielokulturowym świecie

Perypetie teorii i praktyk dialogowych w wielokulturowym świecie. Recenzja książki Urszuli Kusio, Dialog w komunikacji międzykulturowej. Ideały a rzeczywistość Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2011, ss. 30