Perkembangan Morfologi Dan Perilaku Larva Ikan Kerapu Hibrida Cantik Pada Produksi Massal

Ikan kerapu cantik merupakan hibrida antara betina kerapu macan E. fuscoguttatus dan jantan kerapu batik E. microdon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati perkembangan dan tingkah laku larva ikan kerapu cantik agar bisa diambil langkah-langkah untuk perbaikan pada pemeliharaan larva sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Besar Riset Budidaya Laut dan Penyuluhan Perikanan Gondol, Bali Tahun 2016. Larva dipelihara pada tiga buah bak semen ukuran 10 m3 yang diisi telur dengan kepadatan 50.000 butir/bak, dipelihara hingga juvenil umur 40 hari (D40). Pemeliharaan larva diulang tiga kali dengan waktu yang berbeda, yaitu siklus 1: Januari-Maret; siklus 2 : Mei-Juli dan siklus 3 : September-Nopember. Pengamatan perkembangan dan tingkah laku larva dilakukan pada setiap siklus yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok umur, yakni: 1) D1 sampai D10; 2). D11 sampai D20; 3). D21 sampai D30; dan 4). D31 sampai D40. Hasil menunjukkan larva ikan kerapu cantik mulai buka mulut dan makan pada D3, aktif berenang setelah tumbuh sirip punggung dan dada yaitu D4, sirip terus berkembang menjadi duri memanjang. D7 kondisi larva terlihat padat dilakukan penjarangan. Duri punggung dan dada mulai memendek, berubah menjadi sirip mulai D30, selanjutnya menjadi juvenil dilakukan grading untuk menekan kanibalisme, D40 dengan ukuran panjang total sekitar 3 cm larva ikan kerapu cantik seluruhnya menjadi juvenil. Perkembangan dan tingkah laku larva ikan kerapu cantik berpengaruh terhadap hasil produksinya

Fibro-Vascular Coupling in the Control of Cochlear Blood Flow

Transduction of sound in the cochlea is metabolically demanding. The lateral wall and hair cells are critically vulnerable to hypoxia, especially at high sound levels, and tight control over cochlear blood flow (CBF) is a physiological necessity. Yet despite the importance of CBF for hearing, consensus on what mechanisms are involved has not been obtained.We report on a local control mechanism for regulating inner ear blood flow involving fibrocyte signaling. Fibrocytes in the super-strial region are spatially distributed near pre-capillaries of the spiral ligament of the albino guinea pig cochlear lateral wall, as demonstrably shown in transmission electron microscope and confocal images. Immunohistochemical techniques reveal the inter-connected fibrocytes to be positive for Na+/K+ ATPase β1 and S100. The connected fibrocytes display more Ca(2+) signaling than other cells in the cochlear lateral wall as indicated by fluorescence of a Ca(2+) sensor, fluo-4. Elevation of Ca(2+) in fibrocytes, induced by photolytic uncaging of the divalent ion chelator o-nitrophenyl EGTA, results in propagation of a Ca(2+) signal to neighboring vascular cells and vasodilation in capillaries. Of more physiological significance, fibrocyte to vascular cell coupled signaling was found to mediate the sound stimulated increase in cochlear blood flow (CBF). Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) was required for capillary dilation.The findings provide the first evidence that signaling between fibrocytes and vascular cells modulates CBF and is a key mechanism for meeting the cellular metabolic demand of increased sound activity

Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors

Surface physical condition of asteroid Ryugu using close-up optical and thermal images

In 2018, the Hayabusa2 spacecraft [1] successfully conducted some descend operations toward Ryugu’s surface. They included MINERVA rover release in September, MASCOT lander release and two touchdown rehearsals in October. During these operations, we acquired high-resolved optical and thermal images from altitudes below 100 m, us- ing Optical Navigation Camera (ONC-T) and Ther- mal Infrared Imager (TIR), respectively. Close-up optical images by ONC-T show detailed physical conditions of the surface materials, such as particle size distribution of pebbles, surface morphol- ogy of small boulders and craters. Moreover, close-up thermal images by TIR indicate thermophysical prop- erties of the surface materials and its regional differ- ence, which cannot be resolved by higher altitude observations (e.g., home-position observations from 20 km altitude). Combination between optical and thermal observations is of great importance to under- stand the nature of the asteroid surface materials. In this study, we investigate the surface particle size from close-up ONC images. Thermophysical property of the surface component materials inferred from TIR images is also discussed, especially for the range observed for the thermal inertia of boulders

Characterization of Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ATP‐ADP Phosphate Exchange and Phosphorylation of the Calcium Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase

1 The terminal phosphate of (γ‐32P)ATP is rapidly incorporated into cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes (0.7–1.3 μmol/g protein) in the presence of calcium and magnesium. Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes catalize an ATP‐ADP phosphate exchange in the presence of calcium and magnesium. 2 Half‐maximum activation of the phosphoprotein formation and ATP‐ADP phosphate exchange is reached at an ionized calcium concentration of about 0.3 μM. The Hill coefficients are 1.3. 3 Transphosphorylation and ATP‐ADP phosphate exchange require magnesium and are maximally activated at magnesium concentrations close to or equal to the ATP concentration. 4 The phosphoprotein level is reduced to about 45% at an ADP/ATP ratio of 0.1. The rate of calcium‐dependent ATP splitting declines, whilst the rate of the calcium‐dependent ATP‐ADP phosphate exchange increases when the ADP/ATP ratio is varied from 0.1 to 1. The sum of both, the rate of ATP splitting and the rate of ADP‐ATP phosphate exchange remains constant. 5 Phosphoprotein formation and ATP‐ADP phosphate exchange are not affected by azide, dinitrophenol, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and oubain, whilst both activities are reduced by blockade of –SH groups localized on the outside of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. 6 The isolated phosphoprotein is acid stable. The trichloroacetic acid denatured 32P‐labelled membrane complex is dephosphorylated by hydroxylamine, which might indicate that the phosphorylated protein is an acyl‐phosphate. 7 Polyacrylamide gel elctrophoresis (performed with phenol/acetic acid/water) of phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions demonstrates that the 32P‐incorporation occurs into a protein of about 100000 molecular weight. 8 It is suggested that the phosphoprotein represents a phosphorylated intermediate of the calcium‐dependent ATPase which formation occurs as an early step in the reaction sequence of calcium translocation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum similar as in skeletal muscle