A extensão universitária e as universidades populares

Este texto é resultado de estudos e reflexões sobre a temática extensão universitária, considerando os aspectos históricos da extensão nas universidades brasileiras, focalizando principalmente as experiências extensionistas do Projeto Rondon e do Centro Rural Universitário de Treinamento e Ação Universitária (CRUTAC-RN). Este artigo traz um rápido olhar sobre alguns pontos importantes que marcaram a criação das universidades populares no Brasil, e também da importância da extensão na formação acadêmica dos estudantes de graduação. O texto tem a fundamentação teórica principal baseada nas análises de Roberto Mouro Gurgel, dentre outros. Apresenta também um olhar histórico sobre as universidades populares da Europa. Palavras-chave: Extensão; Universidade; Sociedade. Abstract: This work is a result of studies and reflexions about universitary extension, considerating the historics aspects of extension at Brazilians universities, fowsing, moinly, the Rondon Project and CRUTAC-RN (Rural Centre of University Training and Action) experiences. This article brings a view over some importantes topics that marken the creation of populars universities in Brazil, and also the importance of extension to the academic background of graduation students. The text is theoricaly based in Roberto Mouro Gurgel analisys, and others theorics. It shows a historic view over Europeans populars universities too. Key words: Extension; University; Society

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

A práxis extensionista do Projeto Cidadania/Liberdade – Universidade do Estado da Bahia – Campus X em Teixeira de Freitas-Ba: estudo de caso.

A investigação está inserida no Programa de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Educação, da Universidade Federal da Bahia, na linha de pesquisa Filosofia, Linguagem e Práxis. Tem como objeto a práxis extensionista do projeto Cidadania/Liberdade, da Universidade do Estado da Bahia – Campus X, em Teixeira de Freitas-Bahia. Traz como problema a lógica de extensão hegemônica, apresentando a extensão orgânica, portanto emancipatória. Na investigação dessa práxis extensionista, considera-se alguns fatores determinantes: o espaço geossocial, cujo bairro de ocupação é o Liberdade, onde o projeto vem sendo executado; as camadas populares a quem se destinam os objetivos; os procedimentos educativos e a conquista de direitos de cidadania. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso, possibilitando uma contribuição para a ciência utilizando a replicação do estudo de caso, baseado em Robert Yin. Após a análise dos dados coletados, estudo de documentos, e entrevistas semiestruturadas, define-se o procedimento metodológico. Concluem-se as fases da pesquisa com a fundamentação teórica, perseguindo as idéias de Antônio Gramsci, ao utilizar-se das categorias de análise do mesmo, de forma especial, a superestrutura, definindo o papel dos intelectuais e a sua formação contra-hegemônica. Assim, foi produzida a formulação da teoria em si, que é a extensão universitária orgânica, emancipatória.Salvado

PRÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA EM ESPAÇO EDUCATIVO NÃO FORMAL: ASSENTAMENTO BELA MANHÃ, EXTREMO SUL DA BAHIA

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência vivenciada por meio do projeto de extensão aplicado no assentamento Bela Manhã, extremo sul da Bahia, que desenvolveu ações educativas, solicitadas pela disciplina Prática Pedagógica III, implementando a Educação Ambiental em espaço não formal. Para tanto foram empregadas aulas interativas com dinâmicas e rodas de conversa. Os resultados evidenciaram que o espaço não formal permitiu aos alunos aprendizado prático, baseado na observação, na sensibilização dos atores sociais e articulação dos mesmos, de maneira a exercer interferência no manejo e conservação do meio ambiente e na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos assentados

ENSINO E EXTENSÃO NA PERSPECTIVA INTERDISCIPLINAR: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA EM PORTO SEGURO

Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar atividades realizadas através de observação durante aula de campo feita por discentes da turma do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade do Estado da Bahia – UNEB, em alguns espaços da cidade de Porto Seguro/BA. A referida atividade foi solicitada pela disciplina Pesquisa e Prática Pedagógica III, vinculando as disciplinas: História da Educação e Sociologia da Educação. Para tanto, foram empregadas práticas educativas como palestras e rodas de conversa. Os resultados evidenciaram que espaços com contexto histórico permitem aos discentes o aprendizado prático, baseado no exercício da observação e elaboração de relatórios, em que foi possível avaliar a eficiência do estudo de campo no que tange à visualização prática da teoria apresentada e estudada em sala de aula

PROJETO DE EXTENSÃO MULHERES INSUBMISSAS E SUAS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS EM TEMPO DE PANDEMIA DA COVID-19

Este texto tem por objetivo refletir sobre as práticas educativas realizadas emplataformas digitais pelas Mulheres Insubmissas do Departamento de Educação daUNEB - Campus X, no período de pandemia da Covid-19. Nessas ações osfeminismos aprendidos como: epistemologia convergente e interdisciplinar, práticaseducativas institucionalizadas em prol de mulheres e como ações culturaispromovidas por mulheres universitárias, em interface com as questões étnico-raciais,de gênero e identitárias. Nessas redes de saberes tecidas de diferentes contextos, ocoletivo vem se constituindo como um grupo orgânico de mulheres, em que asororidade seja a linguagem promotora de ações educativas e inclusivas, e osfeminismos como fundamentos angulares das discussões teóricas e das açõesintervencionistas

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791