Shadows, Signals, and Stability in Einsteinian Cubic Gravity

We conduct a preliminary investigation into the phenomenological implications of Einsteinian cubic gravity (ECG), a 4-dimensional theory of gravity cubic in curvature of interest for its unique formulation and properties. We find an analytic approximation for a spherically symmetric black hole solution to this theory using a continued fraction ansatz. This approximate solution is valid everywhere outside of the horizon and we use it to study the orbit of massive test bodies near a black hole, specifically computing the innermost stable circular orbit. We compute constraints on the ECG coupling parameter imposed by Shapiro time delay. We then compute the shadow of an ECG black hole and find it to be larger than its Einsteinian counterpart in general relativity for the same value of the mass. Applying our results to Sgr A*, we find that departures from general relativity are small but in principle distinguishable

Perturbations in the human gut microbiome with antibiotic therapy and intestinal disorders

La microbiota intestinal es un factor determinante de la homeostasis intestinal, siendo por lo tanto un agente imprescindible del estado de salud. Su composición podría estar alterada como consecuencia de factores externos tales como tratamientos con antibióticos o causada por enfermedades intestinales como el síndrome del intestino irritable (SII). Esta tesis doctoral se centró en la comprensión de la alteración de esta ecología microbiana con respecto a una terapia con antibióticos y la presencia de movimientos intestinales modificados en personas que sufren de síndrome de intestino irritable. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la baja diversidad surgida después del tratamiento con antibióticos fue asociada, inesperadamente, con un aumento de la carga bacteriana total. Sin embargo, sujetos afectados con SII, particularmente del subtipo diarreico, tenían menor diversidad bacteriana acompañada de una reducción de las bacterias productoras de butirato y de las productoras de metano comparado con sujetos sanos. En general los hallazgos de este estudio son que una administración incontrolada de antibióticos puede causar cambios severos en la composición de la comunidad bacteriana intestinal, favorecer el sobrecrecimiento de microbios resistentes y esta observación puede explicar que las alteraciones microbianas en etapas iniciales de la vida podrían llegar a desarrollar enfermedades intestinales.The intestinal microbiota is a key determinant of gut homeostasis, thereby being an imperative agent of health status. Its composition could be altered as a consequence of external factors such as antibiotic treatment or as a possible cause of intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this doctoral thesis we focused on understanding to which extent antibiotic treatment could modify the gut microbiome and how an alteration of its composition could be associated with IBS. Our results showed that the lower diversity occurring after antibiotic treatment was unexpectedly associated with an increase of the overall microbial load. Furthermore, subjects suffering from IBS, particularly diarrhoea predominant subtype, had lower bacterial diversity accompanied by a reduced relative abundance of butyrate-producing and methanogenic microbes compared to healthy subjects. Altogether the findings of this study are that uncontrolled intake of antibiotics may cause tremendous changes in the gut microbial community composition, favouring the overgrowth of resistant microbes; and this observation may explain that alterations of the microbial composition earlier in life could lead to intestinal disorders

Perturbations in the human gut microbiome with antibiotic therapy and intestinal disorders

Premi Extraordinari de Doctorat concedit pels programes de doctorat de la UAB per curs acadèmic 2017-2018La microbiota intestinal es un factor determinante de la homeostasis intestinal, siendo por lo tanto un agente imprescindible del estado de salud. Su composición podría estar alterada como consecuencia de factores externos tales como tratamientos con antibióticos o causada por enfermedades intestinales como el síndrome del intestino irritable (SII). Esta tesis doctoral se centró en la comprensión de la alteración de esta ecología microbiana con respecto a una terapia con antibióticos y la presencia de movimientos intestinales modificados en personas que sufren de síndrome de intestino irritable. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la baja diversidad surgida después del tratamiento con antibióticos fue asociada, inesperadamente, con un aumento de la carga bacteriana total. Sin embargo, sujetos afectados con SII, particularmente del subtipo diarreico, tenían menor diversidad bacteriana acompañada de una reducción de las bacterias productoras de butirato y de las productoras de metano comparado con sujetos sanos. En general los hallazgos de este estudio son que una administración incontrolada de antibióticos puede causar cambios severos en la composición de la comunidad bacteriana intestinal, favorecer el sobrecrecimiento de microbios resistentes y esta observación puede explicar que las alteraciones microbianas en etapas iniciales de la vida podrían llegar a desarrollar enfermedades intestinalesThe intestinal microbiota is a key determinant of gut homeostasis, thereby being an imperative agent of health status. Its composition could be altered as a consequence of external factors such as antibiotic treatment or as a possible cause of intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this doctoral thesis we focused on understanding to which extent antibiotic treatment could modify the gut microbiome and how an alteration of its composition could be associated with IBS. Our results showed that the lower diversity occurring after antibiotic treatment was unexpectedly associated with an increase of the overall microbial load. Furthermore, subjects suffering from IBS, particularly diarrhoea predominant subtype, had lower bacterial diversity accompanied by a reduced relative abundance of butyrate-producing and methanogenic microbes compared to healthy subjects. Altogether the findings of this study are that uncontrolled intake of antibiotics may cause tremendous changes in the gut microbial community composition, favouring the overgrowth of resistant microbes; and this observation may explain that alterations of the microbial composition earlier in life could lead to intestinal disorders

Total HDAC inhibitory effects of supernatants from gut bacterial strains.

<p>(A) Screening of cell free supernatants (CFS) from 79 bacterial strains for total HDAC inhibition on whole HT-29 cells. Trichostatin A (TSA) is a negative control. (B) CFS of three selected bacterial strains tested for HDAC inhibition on HT-29 whole cell and HT-29 cell lysates. Trichostatin A (TSA) is used as a negative control. Significances tested against YCFA ** (p<0.005) *** (P<0.001).</p

HDAC inhibition of supernatant from gut commensals is primarily driven by butyrate and valeric acid.

<p>(A) SCFA and MCFA production of three selected bacteria from screening panel. Strains were grown until stationary growth phase before SCFA and MCFA were measured in CFS. (B) Total HDI in HT-29 whole cells and cell lysate using 10 mM, 4 mM and 2 mM of butyrate, valeric and hexanoic acid. Trichostatin A (TSA) is used as a negative control. Significances tested against YCFA * (p<0.05) ** (p<0.005).</p

Genomic distribution of SINEs in Entamoeba histolytica strains: implication for genotyping.

BACKGROUND: The major clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica infection include amebic colitis and liver abscess. However the majority of infections remain asymptomatic. Earlier reports have shown that some E. histolytica isolates are more virulent than others, suggesting that virulence may be linked to genotype. Here we have looked at the genomic distribution of the retrotransposable short interspersed nuclear elements EhSINE1 and EhSINE2. Due to their mobile nature, some EhSINE copies may occupy different genomic locations among isolates of E. histolytica possibly affecting adjacent gene expression; this variability in location can be exploited to differentiate strains. RESULTS: We have looked for EhSINE1- and EhSINE2-occupied loci in the genome sequence of Entamoeba histolytica HM-1:IMSS and searched for homologous loci in other strains to determine the insertion status of these elements. A total of 393 EhSINE1 and 119 EhSINE2 loci were analyzed in the available sequenced strains (Rahman, DS4-868, HM1:CA, KU48, KU50, KU27 and MS96-3382. Seventeen loci (13 EhSINE1 and 4 EhSINE2) were identified where a EhSINE1/EhSINE2 sequence was missing from the corresponding locus of other strains. Most of these loci were unoccupied in more than one strain. Some of the loci were analyzed experimentally for SINE occupancy using DNA from strain Rahman. These data helped to correctly assemble the nucleotide sequence at three loci in Rahman. SINE occupancy was also checked at these three loci in 7 other axenically cultivated E. histolytica strains and 16 clinical isolates. Each locus gave a single, specific amplicon with the primer sets used, making this a suitable method for strain typing. Based on presence/absence of SINE and amplification with locus-specific primers, the 23 strains could be divided into eleven genotypes. The results obtained by our method correlated with the data from other typing methods. We also report a bioinformatic analysis of EhSINE2 copies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal several loci with extensive polymorphism of SINE occupancy among different strains of E. histolytica and prove the principle that the genomic distribution of SINEs is a valid method for typing of E. histolytica strains

Increased Pancreatic Protease Activity in Response to Antibiotics Impairs Gut Barrier and Triggers Colitis

Background & Aims: Antibiotic (ABx) therapy is associated with increased risk for Crohn’s disease but underlying mechanisms are unknown. We observed high fecal serine protease activity (PA) to be a frequent side effect of ABx therapy. The aim of the present study was to unravel whether this rise in large intestinal PA may promote colitis development via detrimental effects on the large intestinal barrier. Methods: Transwell experiments were used to assess the impact of high PA in ABx-treated patients or vancomycin/metronidazole-treated mice on the epithelial barrier. Serine protease profiling was performed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis. The impact of high large intestinal PA on the intestinal barrier in wild-type and interleukin (IL)10-/- mice and on colitis development in IL10-/- mice was investigated using vancomycin/metronidazole with or without oral serine protease inhibitor (AEBSF) treatment. Results: The ABx-induced, high large intestinal PA was caused by significantly increased levels of pancreatic proteases and impaired epithelial barrier integrity. In wild-type mice, the rise in PA caused a transient increase in intestinal permeability but did not affect susceptibility to chemically induced acute colitis. In IL10-/- mice, increased PA caused a consistent impairment of the intestinal barrier associated with inflammatory activation in the large intestinal tissue. In the long term, the vancomycin/metronidazole-induced lasting increase in PA aggravated colitis development in IL10-/- mice. Conclusions: High large intestinal PA is a frequent adverse effect of ABx therapy, which is detrimental to the large intestinal barrier and may contribute to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in susceptible individuals. Keywords: Epithelial Barrier, Serine Proteases, Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Short-Term Effect of Antibiotics on Human Gut Microbiota

<div><p>From birth onwards, the human gut microbiota rapidly increases in diversity and reaches an adult-like stage at three years of age. After this age, the composition may fluctuate in response to external factors such as antibiotics. Previous studies have shown that resilience is not complete months after cessation of the antibiotic intake. However, little is known about the short-term effects of antibiotic intake on the gut microbial community. Here we examined the load and composition of the fecal microbiota immediately after treatment in 21 patients, who received broad-spectrum antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and β-lactams. A fecal sample was collected from all participants before treatment and one week after for microbial load and community composition analyses by quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Fluoroquinolones and β-lactams significantly decreased microbial diversity by 25% and reduced the core phylogenetic microbiota from 29 to 12 taxa. However, at the phylum level, these antibiotics increased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.0007, <i>FDR</i> = 0.002). At the species level, our findings unexpectedly revealed that both antibiotic types increased the proportion of several unknown taxa belonging to the Bacteroides genus, a Gram-negative group of bacteria (<i>p</i> = 0.0003, <i>FDR</i><0.016). Furthermore, the average microbial load was affected by the treatment. Indeed, the β-lactams increased it significantly by two-fold (<i>p</i> = 0.04). The maintenance of or possible increase detected in microbial load and the selection of Gram-negative over Gram-positive bacteria breaks the idea generally held about the effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics on gut microbiota.</p></div

Global effect of antibiotic treatment on fecal microbiota.

<p>Communities clustered using PCoA of the unweighted (on the left) and weighted (on the right) UniFrac distance matrix. Only the two first principal components are shown. Each dot represents the whole microbiota of a fecal sample. BF_ATB  =  Before antibiotic treatment and AF_ATB  =  After antibiotic treatment (N = 21).</p

Microbial composition at the phylum level based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

<p>BF  =  Before treatment; AF  =  After treatment; ATB  =  Antibiotics. For all antibiotics N = 21; for β-lactams N = 11; for fluoroquinolones N = 10.</p