1,531 research outputs found

    Vegetation height products between 60° S and 60° N from ICESat GLAS data.

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    We present new coarse resolution (0.5� ×0.5�)vegetation height and vegetation-cover fraction data sets between 60� S and 60� N for use in climate models and ecological models. The data sets are derived from 2003–2009 measurements collected by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), the only LiDAR instrument that provides close to global coverage. Initial vegetation height is calculated from GLAS data using a development of the model of Rosette et al. (2008) with further calibration on desert sites. Filters are developed to identify and eliminate spurious observations in the GLAS data, e.g. data that are affected by clouds, atmosphere and terrain and as such result in erroneous estimates of vegetation height or vegetation cover. Filtered GLAS vegetation height estimates are aggregated in histograms from 0 to 70m in 0.5m intervals for each 0.5�×0.5�. The GLAS vegetation height product is evaluated in four ways. Firstly, the Vegetation height data and data filters are evaluated using aircraft LiDAR measurements of the same for ten sites in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Application of filters to the GLAS vegetation height estimates increases the correlation with aircraft data from r =0.33 to r =0.78, decreases the root-mean-square error by a factor 3 to about 6m (RMSE) or 4.5m (68% error distribution) and decreases the bias from 5.7m to −1.3 m. Secondly, the global aggregated GLAS vegetation height product is tested for sensitivity towards the choice of data quality filters; areas with frequent cloud cover and areas with steep terrain are the most sensitive to the choice of thresholds for the filters. The changes in height estimates by applying different filters are, for the main part, smaller than the overall uncertainty of 4.5–6m established from the site measurements. Thirdly, the GLAS global vegetation height product is compared with a global vegetation height product typically used in a climate model, a recent global tree height product, and a vegetation greenness product and is shown to produce realistic estimates of vegetation height. Finally, the GLAS bare soil cover fraction is compared globally with the MODIS bare soil fraction (r = 0.65) and with bare soil cover fraction estimates derived from AVHRR NDVI data (r =0.67); the GLAS treecover fraction is compared with the MODIS tree-cover fraction (r =0.79). The evaluation indicates that filters applied to the GLAS data are conservative and eliminate a large proportion of spurious data, while only in a minority of cases at the cost of removing reliable data as well. The new GLAS vegetation height product appears more realistic than previous data sets used in climate models and ecological models and hence should significantly improve simulations that involve the land surface

    The Effect of Expertise during Simulated Flight Emergencies on the Autonomic Response and Operative Performance in Military Pilots.

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    Heart rate variability (HRV) and performance response during emergency flight maneuvers were analyzed. Two expert pilots (ages 35 and 33) and two rookie pilots (ages 25) from the Portuguese Air Force participated in this case–control report study. Participants had to complete the following emergency protocols in a flight simulator: (1) take-off engine failure, (2) flight engine failure close to the base, (3) flight engine failure far away from the base, and (4) alternator failure. The HRV was collected during all these maneuvers, as well as the performance data (the time it took to go through the emergency protocol and the subjective information from the flight simulator operator). Results regarding autonomic modulation showed a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared to baseline. In some cases, there was also a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared with the take-off protocol. Regarding performance data, the expert pilots accomplished the missions in less time than the rookie pilots. Autonomic modulation measured from HRV through portable devices can easily relay important information. This information is relevant since characterizing these maneuvers can provide helpful information to design training strategies to improve those psychophysiological responses

    A Novel Method of Spatiotemporal Dynamic Geo-Visualization of Criminal Data, Applied to Command and Control Centers for Public Safety

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    [EN] This article shows a novel geo-visualization method of dynamic spatiotemporal data that allows mobility and concentration of criminal activity to be study. The method was developed using, only and significantly, real data of Santiago de Cali (Colombia), collected by the Colombian National Police (PONAL). This method constitutes a tool that allows criminal influx to be analyzed by concentration, zone, time slot and date. In addition to the field experience of police commanders, it allows patterns of criminal activity to be detected, thereby enabling a better distribution and management of police resources allocated to crime deterrence, prevention and control. Additionally, it may be applied to the concepts of safe city and smart city of the PONAL within the architecture of Command and Control System (C2S) of Command and Control Centers for Public Safety. Furthermore, it contributes to a better situational awareness and improves the future projection, agility, efficiency and decision-making processes of police officers, which are all essential for fulfillment of police missions against crime. Finally, this was developed using an open source software, it can be adapted to any other city, be used with real-time data and be implemented, if necessary, with the geographic software of any other C2S.This work was co-funded by the European Commission as part of H2020 call SEC-12-FCT-2016-thrtopic3 under the project VICTORIA (No. 740754). This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. The authors would like to thank Colombian National Police and its Office of Telematics for their support on development of this project.Salcedo-González, ML.; Suarez-Paez, JE.; Esteve Domingo, M.; Gomez, J.; Palau Salvador, CE. (2020). A Novel Method of Spatiotemporal Dynamic Geo-Visualization of Criminal Data, Applied to Command and Control Centers for Public Safety. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 9(3):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030160S11793Lacinák, M., & Ristvej, J. (2017). Smart City, Safety and Security. Procedia Engineering, 192, 522-527. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.090Neumann, M., & Elsenbroich, C. (2016). Introduction: the societal dimensions of organized crime. Trends in Organized Crime, 20(1-2), 1-15. doi:10.1007/s12117-016-9294-zPhillips, P., & Lee, I. (2012). Mining co-distribution patterns for large crime datasets. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(14), 11556-11563. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.03.071Linning, S. J. (2015). Crime seasonality and the micro-spatial patterns of property crime in Vancouver, BC and Ottawa, ON. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(6), 544-555. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.05.007Spicer, V., & Song, J. (2017). The impact of transit growth on the perception of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 54, 151-159. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.09.002Beland, L.-P., & Brent, D. A. (2018). Traffic and crime. Journal of Public Economics, 160, 96-116. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.03.002Newspaper of National Circulation in Colombia, E.T. Robos en Trancones en El Tintal—Bogotá—.ELTIEMPO.COM https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/robos-en-trancones-en-el-tintal-168226Nueva Modalidad de Atraco a Conductores en Los Trancones de Bogotá|ELESPECTADOR.COM http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/nueva-modalidad-de-atraco-conductores-en-los-trancones-de-bogota-articulo-697716Carrillo, P. E., Lopez-Luzuriaga, A., & Malik, A. S. (2018). Pollution or crime: The effect of driving restrictions on criminal activity. Journal of Public Economics, 164, 50-69. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.05.007Twinam, T. (2017). Danger zone: Land use and the geography of neighborhood crime. Journal of Urban Economics, 100, 104-119. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2017.05.006Sadler, R. C., Pizarro, J., Turchan, B., Gasteyer, S. P., & McGarrell, E. F. (2017). Exploring the spatial-temporal relationships between a community greening program and neighborhood rates of crime. Applied Geography, 83, 13-26. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.017Roth, R. E., Ross, K. S., Finch, B. G., Luo, W., & MacEachren, A. M. (2013). Spatiotemporal crime analysis in U.S. law enforcement agencies: Current practices and unmet needs. Government Information Quarterly, 30(3), 226-240. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2013.02.001Sustainable Development Goals|UNDP https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.htmlGiménez-Santana, A., Caplan, J. M., & Drawve, G. (2018). Risk Terrain Modeling and Socio-Economic Stratification: Identifying Risky Places for Violent Crime Victimization in Bogotá, Colombia. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 24(4), 417-431. doi:10.1007/s10610-018-9374-5Kim, S., Jeong, S., Woo, I., Jang, Y., Maciejewski, R., & Ebert, D. S. (2018). Data Flow Analysis and Visualization for Spatiotemporal Statistical Data without Trajectory Information. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(3), 1287-1300. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2017.2666146Kounadi, O., & Leitner, M. (2014). Spatial Information Divergence: Using Global and Local Indices to Compare Geographical Masks Applied to Crime Data. Transactions in GIS, 19(5), 737-757. doi:10.1111/tgis.12125Khalid, S., Shoaib, F., Qian, T., Rui, Y., Bari, A. I., Sajjad, M., … Wang, J. (2017). Network Constrained Spatio-Temporal Hotspot Mapping of Crimes in Faisalabad. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 11(3), 599-622. doi:10.1007/s12061-017-9230-xLopez-Cuevas, A., Medina-Perez, M. A., Monroy, R., Ramirez-Marquez, J. E., & Trejo, L. A. (2018). FiToViz: A Visualisation Approach for Real-Time Risk Situation Awareness. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 9(3), 372-382. doi:10.1109/taffc.2017.2741478Xue, Y., & Brown, D. E. (2006). Spatial analysis with preference specification of latent decision makers for criminal event prediction. Decision Support Systems, 41(3), 560-573. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2004.06.007Nakaya, T., & Yano, K. (2010). Visualising Crime Clusters in a Space-time Cube: An Exploratory Data-analysis Approach Using Space-time Kernel Density Estimation and Scan Statistics. Transactions in GIS, 14(3), 223-239. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2010.01194.xAnuar, N. B., & Yap, B. W. (2018). Data Visualization of Violent Crime Hotspots in Malaysia. Soft Computing in Data Science, 350-363. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3441-2_27Malik, A., Maciejewski, R., Towers, S., McCullough, S., & Ebert, D. S. (2014). Proactive Spatiotemporal Resource Allocation and Predictive Visual Analytics for Community Policing and Law Enforcement. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(12), 1863-1872. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2014.2346926Arietta, S. M., Efros, A. A., Ramamoorthi, R., & Agrawala, M. (2014). City Forensics: Using Visual Elements to Predict Non-Visual City Attributes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(12), 2624-2633. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2014.2346446Hu, Y., Wang, F., Guin, C., & Zhu, H. (2018). A spatio-temporal kernel density estimation framework for predictive crime hotspot mapping and evaluation. Applied Geography, 99, 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.08.001Yang, D., Heaney, T., Tonon, A., Wang, L., & Cudré-Mauroux, P. (2017). CrimeTelescope: crime hotspot prediction based on urban and social media data fusion. World Wide Web, 21(5), 1323-1347. doi:10.1007/s11280-017-0515-4ToppiReddy, H. K. R., Saini, B., & Mahajan, G. (2018). Crime Prediction & Monitoring Framework Based on Spatial Analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 132, 696-705. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.05.075Devia, N., & Weber, R. (2013). Generating crime data using agent-based simulation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 42, 26-41. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.09.001Kuo, P.-F., Lord, D., & Walden, T. D. (2013). Using geographical information systems to organize police patrol routes effectively by grouping hotspots of crash and crime data. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, 138-148. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.04.006Camacho-Collados, M., & Liberatore, F. (2015). A Decision Support System for predictive police patrolling. Decision Support Systems, 75, 25-37. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2015.04.012Kagawa, T., Saiki, S., & Nakamura, M. (2019). Analyzing street crimes in Kobe city using PRISM. International Journal of Web Information Systems, 15(2), 183-200. doi:10.1108/ijwis-04-2018-0032Jentner, W., Sacha, D., Stoffel, F., Ellis, G., Zhang, L., & Keim, D. A. (2018). Making machine intelligence less scary for criminal analysts: reflections on designing a visual comparative case analysis tool. The Visual Computer, 34(9), 1225-1241. doi:10.1007/s00371-018-1483-0Suarez-Paez, J., Salcedo-Gonzalez, M., Esteve, M., Gómez, J. A., Palau, C., & Pérez-Llopis, I. (2018). Reduced computational cost prototype for street theft detection based on depth decrement in Convolutional Neural Network. Application to Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) in the National Police of Colombia. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 12(1), 123. doi:10.2991/ijcis.2018.25905186Suarez-Paez, J., Salcedo-Gonzalez, M., Climente, A., Esteve, M., Gómez, J. A., Palau, C. E., & Pérez-Llopis, I. (2019). A Novel Low Processing Time System for Criminal Activities Detection Applied to Command and Control Citizen Security Centers. Information, 10(12), 365. doi:10.3390/info10120365Esteve, M., Perez-Llopis, I., & Palau, C. E. (2013). Friendly Force Tracking COTS solution. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 28(1), 14-21. doi:10.1109/maes.2013.6470440Esteve, M., Perez-Llopis, I., Hernandez-Blanco, L. E., Palau, C. E., & Carvajal, F. (2007). SIMACOP: Small Units Management C4ISR System. Multimedia and Expo, 2007 IEEE International Conference on. doi:10.1109/icme.2007.4284862OpenStreetMap http://www.openstreetmap.or

    Changes in cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several brain regions of aged rats

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    AbstractWe have recently found that cannabinoid receptor binding and gene expression markedly decreased in extrapyramidal structures of aged rats. The present study was designed to analyze the possible existence of similar aging-induced changes in cannabinoid receptor binding and gene expression in brain regions other than extrapyramidal areas, but that also contain a significant population of cannabinoid receptors, such as the cerebellum, hippocampal structures, limbic and hypothalamic nuclei, the cerebral cortex and others. To this end, we analyzed cannabinoid receptor binding, using autoradiography, and cannabinoid receptor mRNA levels, using in situ hybridization, in slide-mounted brain sections obtained from young (3 month old) and aged (>2 year old) rats. Results were as follows. In the cerebellum, aged rats exhibited a marked decrease in cannabinoid receptor binding in the molecular layer (−33.3%), although accompanied by no changes in mRNA levels in the granular layer. In the cerebral cortex, a small, although statistically significant, decrease in binding was found in the deep layer (VI) (−18.3%) of aged rats, whereas no changes were found in the superficial layer (I). As in the case of the cerebellum, mRNA levels did not change in the cerebral cortex layers (II–III and V–VI). The different regions of the Ammon’s horn of the hippocampus exhibited similar cannabinoid receptor binding levels in aged and young rats. Interestingly, mRNA levels decreased in aged rats to a small, but statistically significant, extent (CA1: −26.1%; CA2: −21.6%; CA3: −14.4%). This was also seen in another hippocampal structure, the dentate gyrus (−14.6%), although in this region binding levels increased in aged rats (+28.4%). Two hypothalamic structures, the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, exhibited decreased cannabinoid receptor binding in aged rats (−31.1% and −30.3%, respectively), but this was not seen in the medial preoptic area. This was accompanied by no changes in mRNA levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In the limbic structures, aged rats exhibited similar binding levels to young rats. This was seen in the nucleus accumbens, septum nuclei and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. However, mRNA levels slightly decreased in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (−13.4%), whereas they were not altered in the septum nuclei. Finally, other brain structures, such as the central gray substance and the brainstem, exhibited similar binding levels in aged and young rats. However, it is important to note that mRNA levels increased significantly (+211.2%) in the brainstem of aged rats, an area where the levels of binding and mRNA were very low in young rats. This marked increase may be related to an increase in the presence of glial elements in this region, as revealed by the increase in the immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein observed in the brainstem of aged rats as compared to young animals. In summary, senescence was associated with changes in cannabinoid receptors in the cerebellum, the cerebral cortex, limbic and hypothalamic structures, the hippocampus and other brain regions. However, the changes observed (i) were not as marked and relevant as those early reported in extrapyramidal areas, and (ii) exhibited regional differences that might be attributed to the different roles played by these receptors in each region. Of particular relevance by their magnitude were the aging-induced decrease in binding found in the cerebellum and the hypothalamus, and the increase in mRNA levels observed in the brainstem. The latter might be related to an increase in the presence of glial cells which might contain cannabinoid receptor mRNA

    Long-term outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

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    The adult cerebral inflammatory form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease, as devastating as childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been demonstrated to provide long-term neurological benefits for boys with the childhood cerebral form, but results in adults are sparse and inconclusive. We analysed data from 14 adult males with adult cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy treated with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation on a compassionate basis in four European centres. All presented with cerebral demyelinating lesions and gadolinium enhancement. Median age at diagnosis of adult cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy was 33 years (range 21–48 years). In addition to cerebral inflammation, five patients had established severe motor disability from adrenomyeloneuropathy affecting only the spinal cord and peripheral nerves (Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≥ 6). Eight patients survived (estimated survival 57 ± 13%) with a median follow-up of 65 months (minimum 38 months). Death was directly transplant-/infection-related (n = 3), due to primary disease progression in advanced adult cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (n = 1), or secondary disease progression (n = 2) after transient multi-organ failure or non-engraftment. Specific complications during stem cell transplantation included deterioration of motor and bladder functions (n = 12) as well as behavioural changes (n = 8). Arrest of progressive cerebral demyelination and prevention of severe loss of neurocognition was achieved in all eight survivors, but deterioration of motor function occurred in the majority (n = 5). Limited motor dysfunction (Expanded Disability Status Scale score < 6) prior to transplantation was associated with significantly improved survival [78 ± 14% (n = 9) versus 20 ± 18%(n = 5); P < 0.05] and maintenance of ambulation (Expanded Disability Status Scale score < 7) post-transplant (78% versus 0%; P = 0.021). In contrast, bilateral involvement of the internal capsule on brain MRI was associated with poorer survival [20 ± 18% (n = 5) versus 78 ± 14% (n = 9); P < 0.05]. This study is the first to support the feasibility, complications and potential long-term neurological benefit of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Further studies are warranted to attempt to improve outcomes through patient selection and optimization of transplantation protocols

    A Novel Low Processing Time System for Criminal Activities Detection Applied to Command and Control Citizen Security Centers

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    [EN] This paper shows a Novel Low Processing Time System focused on criminal activities detection based on real-time video analysis applied to Command and Control Citizen Security Centers. This system was applied to the detection and classification of criminal events in a real-time video surveillance subsystem in the Command and Control Citizen Security Center of the Colombian National Police. It was developed using a novel application of Deep Learning, specifically a Faster Region-Based Convolutional Network (R-CNN) for the detection of criminal activities treated as "objects" to be detected in real-time video. In order to maximize the system efficiency and reduce the processing time of each video frame, the pretrained CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) model AlexNet was used and the fine training was carried out with a dataset built for this project, formed by objects commonly used in criminal activities such as short firearms and bladed weapons. In addition, the system was trained for street theft detection. The system can generate alarms when detecting street theft, short firearms and bladed weapons, improving situational awareness and facilitating strategic decision making in the Command and Control Citizen Security Center of the Colombian National Police.This work was co-funded by the European Commission as part of H2020 call SEC-12-FCT-2016-Subtopic3 under the project VICTORIA (No. 740754). This publication reflects the views only of the authors and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.Suarez-Paez, J.; Salcedo-Gonzalez, M.; Climente, A.; Esteve Domingo, M.; Gomez, J.; Palau Salvador, CE.; Pérez Llopis, I. (2019). A Novel Low Processing Time System for Criminal Activities Detection Applied to Command and Control Citizen Security Centers. Information. 10(12):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/info10120365S1191012Wang, L., Rodriguez, R. M., & Wang, Y.-M. 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A., Palau, C., & Pérez-Llopis, I. (2018). Reduced computational cost prototype for street theft detection based on depth decrement in Convolutional Neural Network. Application to Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) in the National Police of Colombia. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 12(1), 123. doi:10.2991/ijcis.2018.25905186Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., & Sun, J. (2017). Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 39(6), 1137-1149. doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031Hao, S., Wang, P., & Hu, Y. (2019). Haze Image Recognition Based on Brightness Optimization Feedback and Color Correction. Information, 10(2), 81. doi:10.3390/info10020081Peng, M., Wang, C., Chen, T., & Liu, G. (2016). NIRFaceNet: A Convolutional Neural Network for Near-Infrared Face Identification. 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    Analysis of irregular behaviour on an optical computing logic cell

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    A new methodology to study irregular behaviours in logic cells is reported. It is based on two types of diagrams, namely phase and working diagrams. Sets of four bits are grouped and represented by their hexadecimal equivalent. Some hexadecimal numbers correspond to certain logic functions. The influence of the internal and external tolerances, namely those appearing in the employed devices and in the working signals, may be analysed with this method. Its importance in the case of logic structures with chaotic behaviours is studied

    Recycling of aggregates of Panasqueira mines as refractory lining of metal casting

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    Nas minas da Panasqueira (Covilhã, Portugal) acumulam-se montes de resíduos (agregados) provenientes da extração de tungsténio sem qualquer aplicação. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para implementar um novo uso para estes resíduos integrando-os como revestimento refratário no processo de moldação a verde da fundição de metais não ferrosos. Os resultados mostram o potencial do uso destes resíduos da fundição de metais não ferrosos.Over the years, in the Panasqueira mines (Covilhã, Portugal) were accumulated mountains of stones (wastes) has a result of the tungsten extraction without any application. This research aims to assist in the implementation of these wastes, using it as refractory lining in foundry (green moulding process), particular in foundry of non-ferrous metals. Experimental methodology consisted in mineralogical characterization (XRF and XRD), as well as the evaluation of the permeability to water vapour, fundamental aspect to be considered in the materials which constitute the moulds with refractory properties for metal casting. Two compositions have been considered and subsequently assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), his behaviour as notferrous cast metal container, studying both the contact area and the contiguous zone of thermal diffusion. The results show that wastes can be used as a main component in the manufacture of refractory mould for casting non-ferrous metals moulded in green.Os autores agradecem o apoio técnico fundamental dos centros de investigação da Universidade de Granada, Grupo de investigação HUM 629, do CAST – Centro de Ciência e Tecnologias Aeroespaciais e do CMADE - Centro de Materiais e Tecnologias da Construção da Universidade da Beira Interior.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in Brazilian-born, first-generation Japanese descendants

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    Brazil hosts the largest Japanese community outside Japan, estimated at 1.5 million individuals, one third of whom are first-generation, Brazilian-born with native Japanese parents. This large community provides a unique opportunity for comparative studies of the distribution of pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in native Japanese versus their Brazilian-born descendants. Functional polymorphisms in genes that modulate drug disposition (CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and GSTM3) or response (VKORC1) and that differ significantly in frequency in native Japanese versus Brazilians with no Japanese ancestry were selected for the present study. Healthy subjects (200 native Japanese and 126 first-generation Japanese descendants) living in agricultural colonies were enrolled. Individual DNA was genotyped using RFLP (GSTM3*A/B) or TaqMan Detection System assays (CYP2C9*2 and *3; CYP2C19*2 and *3; VKORC1 3673G>A, 5808T>G, 6853G>C, and 9041G>A). No difference was detected in the frequency of these pharmacogenetic polymorphisms between native Japanese and first-generation Japanese descendants. In contrast, significant differences in the frequency of each polymorphism were observed between native or first-generation Japanese and Brazilians with no Japanese ancestry. The VKORC1 3673G>A, 6853G>C and 9041G>A single nucleotide polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium in both native and first-generation Japanese living in Brazil. The striking similarity in the frequency of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic polymorphisms between Brazilian-born Japanese descendants and native Japanese suggests that the former may be recruited for clinical trials designed to generate bridging data for the Japanese population in the context of the International Conference on Harmonization
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