p27(Kip1) expression as a prognostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Regulation of the cell cycle is essential for carcinogenesis. The cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are upregulated by cyclins and downregulated by CDK inhibitors (CDKIs). Decreased p27(Kip1) expression has been associated with survival rate, tumor size, histological differentiation and the presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with various types of cancer. The aim of the current study is to provide a literature review on the association between p27(Kip1) expression and the clinical and pathological aspects of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the expression of other CDKIs of the Cip/Kip family and cyclins. Throughout the literature, different methodologies were used to determine the immunohistochemical expression of p27(Kip1); thus, results concerning p27(Kip1) expression in HNSCC vary widely. However, it has now been confirmed that p27(Kip1) is underexpressed in SCC cells. p27 may be a promising marker for determining the prognosis of HNSCC, despite the marked variability of the results obtained. An association between p27 expression and survival rate, time to recurrence and tumor stage has been observed. Based on the information currently available, it is premature to recommend the analysis of p27(Kip1) expression in guiding HNSCC treatment planning. However, although relatively unstudied, the correlation between p27(Kip1) expression and other tumor suppressor genes may turn out to be important in determining the prognosis of HNSCC. Further prospective studies utilizing standardized laboratory methodologies and statistics that facilitate meta-analyses are required to confirm this proposal

Use of the fractal dimension to differentiate epithelium and connective tissue in oral leukoplakias

Background: Oral leukoplakia (OL) is considered one of the most common potentially malignant oral disorders (OPMD), with a verified increased risk of developing oral cancer. The identification of the dysplasia grade (low–high) is the only consolidated factor used to evaluate this risk. The objective of this study was to verify the role of the fractal dimension (FD) in assessing this dysplasia. Methods: To begin, 29 OL and 10 normal oral mucosa (NOM) biopsies were retrieved for FD analysis of the epithelial (dime) and the connective (dimc) tissue. Results: In the OL group, the median value of dime is higher (1.67, IQR = 0.12) than for the NOM group (1.56, IQR = 0.08), with statistically significant differences (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0031). There were no differences in relation to dimc. Significant differences were observed between the non-dysplasia vs. high-grade (p = 0.0156) and low-grade vs. high-grade (p = 0.0049) groups. No significant differences were identified in relation to dimc for the different degrees of dysplasia. For a cut-off point of 1.44 of dime, a specificity of 96.6% was obtained, a sensitivity of 100%, and an AUC = 0.819 (p = 0.003). Conclusions: FD at the level of the epithelium may be used as a diagnostic tool in OLThis research was funded by Santiago de Compostela UniversityS

Survival study of leukoplakia malignant transformation in a region of northern Spain

Oral leukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant disorder (PMD) of the oral cavity. The objectives of this study are to determine the clinicopathologic features in a group of patients with oral leukoplakia of Northern Spain (Galicia), determining the factors associated to clinical risk and analyzing the malignant transformation of these patients. We included 85 patients. We recorded sex and age, habits like alcohol and tobacco, size, clinical appearance, site, number of lesions, and presence or absence of dysplasia. We assess the association between risk factors and transformation and developed a logistic regression analysis. Finally we used the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test for the survival analysis. 7 patients (8.2%) had malignant transformation. The mean follow-up of the patients was 4.13 years versus 5.58 years of those who developed carcinoma. Only location and initial dysplasia have a statistically significant relationship with malignant transformation, but when applied the long rank test only the presence of dysplasia remains statistically significant(P<0,026). Oral Cancer Free Survival was 81.9% (0.150) at 11 years for the group without dysplasia. We found that the presence of dysplasia is the only risk factor that is statistically related to the development of a carcinoma

The role of p21Waf 1/CIP1 as a Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator in oral squamous cell carcinoma: review

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is biologically characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and molecular alterations that end up clinically characterized as a malignant neoplasm through a phenomenon known as multistep. The members of the Cip/Kip family, specifically p21 Waf 1/CIP1 , are responsible for cell cycle control, blocking the transition from phase G1 to phase S. We made a search of articles of peer-reviewed Journals in PubMed/ Medline, crossing the keywords. The goal of this paper is to determine the relationship between p21 Waf 1/ CIP1 expression and several clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, their relationship with p53 and HPV, as well as genetic alterations in their expression pattern, their use as a prognosis market in the evolution of precancer - ous lesions and their roles in anticancer treatments. The results of p21 WA F1/C I P1 expression in OSCC showed mixed results in terms of positivity/negativity throughout different studies. It seems that, although p21 Waf 1/CIP1 expression is controlled in a p53-dependent manner, coexpression of both in OSCC is not intrinsically related. Although the presence of HPV viral oncoproteins increases p21 Waf 1/CIP1 levels, the small number of studies, have forced us to disregard the hypothesis that HPV infected lesions that present better prognosis are due to a p21 Waf 1/CIP1 -dependent control. The role of p21 WA F1/C I P1 as cell-cycle regulator has been well described; however, its relationship to OSCC, the clinical and pathological variables of tumors, HPV and different treatments are not entirely clear. Thus, it would be very interesting to pursue further study of this protein, which may have a significant value for the diagnosis, prog nosis and therapy of this type of tumors

Comprehensive genomic review of TCGA head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC)

The aim of this present study was to comprehensively describe somatic DNA alterations and transcriptional alterations in the last extension of the HNSCC subsets in TCGA, encompassing a total of 528 tumours. In order to achieve this goal, transcriptional analysis, functional enrichment assays, survival analysis, somatic copy number alteration analysis and somatic alteration analysis were carried out. A total of 3491 deregulated genes were found in HNSCC patients, and the functional analysis carried out determined that tissue development and cell di erentiation were the most relevant signalling pathways in upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. Somatic copy number alteration analysis showed a “top five” altered HNSCC genes: CDKN2A (deleted in 32.03% of patients), CDKN2B (deleted in 28.34% of patients), PPFIA1 (amplified in 26.02% of patients), FADD (amplified in 25.63% of patients) and ANO1 (amplified in 25.44% of patients). Somatic mutations analysis revealed TP53 mutation in 72% of the tumour samples followed by TTN (39%), FAT1 (23%) and MUC16 (19%). Another interesting result is the mutual exclusivity pattern that was discovered between the TP53 and PIK3CA mutations, and the co-occurrence of CDKN2A with the TP53 and FAT1 alterations. On analysis to relate di erential expression genes and somatic copy number alterations, some genes were overexpressed and amplified, for example, FOXL2, but other deleted genes also showed overexpression, such as CDKN2A. Survival analysis revealed that overexpression of some oncogenes, such as EGFR, CDK6 or CDK4 were associated with poorer prognosis tumours. These new findings help us to develop new therapies and programs for the prevention of HNSCCS

HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain

HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses develop in 10% of carriers lifelong. Acknowledging a greater risk for developing HTLV-1 associated illnesses due to immunosuppression, screening is being widely considered in the transplantation setting. Herein, we report the experience with universal HTLV testing of donors and recipients of solid organ transplants in a survey conducted in Spain. All hospitals belonging to the Spanish HTLV network were invited to participate in the study. Briefly, HTLV antibody screening was performed retrospectively in all specimens collected from solid organ donors and recipients attended since the year 2008. A total of 5751 individuals were tested for HTLV antibodies at 8 sites. Donors represented 2312 (42.2%), of whom 17 (0.3%) were living kidney donors. The remaining 3439 (59.8%) were recipients. Spaniards represented nearly 80%. Overall, 9 individuals (0.16%) were initially reactive for HTLV antibodies. Six were donors and 3 were recipients. Using confirmatory tests, HTLV-1 could be confirmed in only two donors, one Spaniard and another from Colombia. Both kidneys of the Spaniard were inadvertently transplanted. Subacute myelopathy developed within 1 year in one recipient. The second recipient seroconverted for HTLV-1 but the kidney had to be removed soon due to rejection. Immunosuppression was stopped and 3 years later the patient remains in dialysis but otherwise asymptomatic. The rate of HTLV-1 is low but not negligible in donors/recipients of solid organ transplants in Spain. Universal HTLV screening should be recommended in all donor and recipients of solid organ transplantation in Spain. Evidence is overwhelming for very high virus transmission and increased risk along with the rapid development of subacute myelopathy

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Enfermedad de Paget extramamaria en varón

Resumen La enfermedad de Paget extramamaria es una entidad poco frecuente. Está definida como un carcinoma epidérmico de diferenciación apocrina que se origina en epidermis o secundario a diseminación epidermotropa. Suele presentarse como una lesión eccematiforme de límites bien definidos en zonas ricas en glándulas apocrinas. La gran variedad de entidades médicas con síntomas similares y con una incidencia mayor retrasan su diagnóstico, de ahí la importancia de realizar una biopsia ante cualquier lesión sospechosa. Abstract Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare entity. It is defined as an epidermal carcinoma with apocrine differentiation originating in the epidermis or secondary to epidermotropa dissemination. It usually shows as an eczematiform lesion with well defined margins in areas rich in apocrine glands. The wide variety of medical entities with similar symptoms and with a greater incidence delay its diagnosis, hence the importance of performing a biopsy before any suspicious lesion