Historia y tratamiento archivístico

La Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, a través de su Biblioteca, ha demostrado, desde hace tiempo, interés por la protección de este patrimonio; ello ha permitido la recepción y conservación de importantes archivos profesionales, entre los que se encuentra el del paisajista uruguayo afincado en España, Leandro Silva Delgado

Merchants, bankers, and the state in seventeenth-century Peru

The present dissertation explains the functioning of the colonial system in seventeenth-century Peru, through the study of the economic and political mechanisms the merchants in Lima used to attain a dominant position in the viceroyalty. The seventeenth century proved to be most interesting due to the development of a specific relationship between Spain and its American possessions. Absorbed as it was by external and internal problems, Spain could not retain control over its colonies: maritime trade fell into foreign hands, the silver produced in America stayed there, the bureaucracy was inadequate, corrupt and was connected to local elites; finally, the defence of the colonial State fell to militias and private support, rather than to a regular army. Why, then, did the colonial link survive. A possible answer would be that Spain delegated functions to, and shared its power with, local elites. The specific objective of this dissertation is to show how the local elites -and the merchants in particular- became stronger, and the terms in which it related with the colonial State. Two points are developed. First, the development of complex and sophisticated credit devices -such as public banks- that enabled merchants to take control of the home market and the Atlantic trade. Second, the conditions in which the State allowed an important part of its administration to fall into the hands of merchants, and moreover, allowed the royal treasury to depend financially on the loans of Lima's bankers and great merchants. There are few studies on this topic, and most mistakenly assume that the merchants of Lima were no more than agents of Peninsular companies, and therefore represented and defended the Spanish commercial monopoly. On the contrary, I argue that the merchants in Lima were among the most active elements that broke up the commercial monopoly and destroyed the fleet-system. I likewise discuss the belief that the Church was the only, or the most important, credit agent in seventeenth-century Peru. The study of the public banks shows how far both mercantile and bank credit were a dynamic element, whose functions were quite different from those of the credit given by ecclesiastical institutions. Finally, I suggest that the political conduct of this group is a good example of the way in which a local American elite resisted metropolitan pressures. In brief, the colonial link survived because of the Crown's weakness, which allowed the local elite to retain the biggest share of America's wealth and power. The Crown in turn provided defence against the expansion of other European powers in Spanish America

Dibujar paisajes, crear jardines: la obra de Leandro Silva

La creación de un jardín, como la de cualquier obra de arte, es un complejo proceso en el que participan numerosas variables de índole técnica y artística cuya explicación resulta, a todas luces, una labor difícil de abordar. Por ello, y para su mejor comprensión, es necesario individualizar y sistematizar la serie de operaciones que lleva aparejada la elaboración de un proyecto de paisaje. Ya el propio Leandro Silva escribía: .

Aplicación de los criterios de reparación de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en las sentencias del Consejo de Estado colombiano

Este artículo estudia la manera como el Consejo de Estado colombiano ha aplicado los criterios de reparación desarrollados por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Para ello, luego de presentar cuáles son esos estándares interamericanos y el alcance de cada uno de ellos, aborda la jurisprudencia del Consejo de Estado en la que este organismo ha ordenado al Estado colombiano reparar daños causados por violaciones de derechos humanos, con el fin de evidenciar si al hacerlo utiliza los criterios de reparación de la Corte Interamericana. Se aprecia que el Consejo ha hecho esfuerzos para reparar de manera integral a las víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos acudiendo a la jurisprudencia interamericana, superando la época en que tan solo se ordenaba una indemnización económica e inicia un control de convencionalidad en materia de reparación por parte de dicho tribunal colombiano.This article covers the way the Colombian Council of State has applied remedy criteria developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. For this purpose, after presenting the Inter-American standards and the scope of each of them, it addresses the jurisprudence of the Council of State by means of which this entity has ordered the Colombian State to remedy damages caused by violation of human rights, with the purpose of verifying if remedy criteria of the Inter-American Court have been used. It is noted that the Council has made its best efforts to integrally indemnify the victims of human rights violation, resorting to the Inter-American jurisprudence (overcoming the times when only an economic indemnification was ordered) and starting a control of conventionality concerning remedy from this Colombian Court.

VI Jornadas de Estudio sobre pensamiento, cultura y sociedad colonial

Con el auspicio del IFEA y la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, se llevaron a cabo las VI Jornadas de estudio sobre pensamiento, cultura y sociedad coloniales bajo el título «Las dimensiones del imperio: redes e intercambios en la América hispánica». Las sesiones se realizaron entre el 30 de setiembre y el 2 de octubre de 2004 en el Instituto Riva-Agüero y en la Hacienda Ocucaje, Ica. El objetivo de estas VI Jornadas fue explorar las redes y conexiones que se establecieron en la Améri..

Synthesis, structure and reactivity of Pd and Ir complexes based on new lutidine-derived NHC/phosphine mixed pincer ligands

Coordination studies of new lutidine-derived hybrid NHC/phosphine ligands (CNP) to Pd and Ir have been performed. Treatment of the square-planar [Pd(CNP)Cl](AgCl2) complex 2a with KHMDS produces the selective deprotonation at the CH2P arm of the pincer to yield the pyridine-dearomatised complex 3a. A series of cationic [Ir(CNP)(cod)]+ complexes 4 has been prepared by reaction of the imidazolium salts 1 with Ir(acac)(cod). These derivatives exhibit in the solid state, and in solution, a distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure in which the CNP ligands adopt an unusual C(axial)–N(equatorial)–P(equatorial) coordination mode. Reactions of complexes 4 with CO and H2 yield the carbonyl species 5a(Cl) and 6a(Cl), and the dihydrido derivatives 7, respectively. Furthermore, upon reaction of complex 4b(Br) with base, selective deprotonation at the methylene CH2P arms is observed. The, thus formed, deprotonated Ir complex 8b reacts with H2 in a ligand-assisted process leading to the trihydrido complex 9b, which can also be obtained by reaction of 7b(Cl) with H2 in the presence of KOtBu. Finally, the catalytic activity of Ir–CNP complexes in the hydrogenation of ketones has been briefly assessed.CTQ2013-45011-P, CTQ2016-80814-R and CTQ2014 -51912-RE

Ungulate behavioral responses to the heterogeneous road-network of a touristic protected area in Africa

Understanding how wildlife responds to road and traffic is essential for effective conservation. Yet, not many studies have evaluated how roads influence wildlife in protected areas, particularly within the large iconic African National Parks where tourism is mainly based on sightings from motorized vehicles with the consequent development and intense use of roads. To reduce this knowledge gap, we studied the behavioral response and local spatial distribution of impala Aepyceros melampus along the heterogeneous (with variation in road surface type and traffic intensity) road-network of Kruger National Park (KNP, South Africa). We surveyed different types of roads (paved and unpaved) recording the occurrence of flight responses among sighted impala and describing their local spatial distribution (in relation to the roads). We observed relatively few flight responses (19.5% of 118 observations), suggesting impalas could be partly habituated to vehicles in KNP. In addition, impala local distribution is apparently unaffected by unpaved roads, yet animals seem to avoid the close proximity of paved roads. Overall, our results suggest a negative, albeit small, effect of traffic intensity, and of presence of pavement on roads on the behavior of impala at KNP. Future studies would be necessary to understand how roads influence other species, but our results show that even within a protected area that has been well-visited for a long time, wildlife can still be affected by roads and traffic. This result has ecological (e.g., changes in spatial distribution of fauna) and management implications (e.g., challenges of facilitating wildlife sightings while minimizing disturbance) for protected areas where touristic activities are largely based on driving.Peer reviewe

La cooperación al desarrollo : nuevos horizontes

La Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros destinan importantes recursos económicos y humanos a la Cooperación al Desarrollo persiguiendo el objetivo prioritario de la disminución y erradicación de la pobreza en el mundo. Sin embargo, pese al enorme esfuerzo, esta política no ha logrado alcanzar el grado de eficacia esperado y es principalmente debido a la falta de coherencia de las demás políticas con este objetivo. Con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa –que coloca esta política dentro de la Acción exterior de la Unión– el principal interrogante que se plantea es si éste proporcionará las bases para cambiar tal situación.Both the European Union and its Members States assign substantial economic and human resources to Development Cooperation pursuing as primary objective the diminution and eradication of the World’s poverty. Nevertheless, in spite of the great effort that has been made, this policy has failed to provide the efficiency expected, mainly due to the lack of cooperation between the European Union and the Member States and the lack of coherence between policies. With the Lisbon Treaty –which places this policy in the External Action of the Union– taken into effect, the main question that arises is whether it will provide the bases for a change in this situation

El Romeral De San Marcos: El Jardín Experimental De Leandro Silva

El Romeral De San Marcos: El Jardín Experimental De Leandro Silv