Genetic Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Vitis

The parents and progeny from two crosses (Cayuga White x Aurore and NY62.136.2 x Yates) were examined for the presence of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Seventeen independent DNA sequences were used in the analysis, 15 obtained from a grape Pstl genomic library and two heterologous probes obtained from other laboratories. Most of the low copy cloned sequences hybridized to more than two restriction fragments, possibly reflecting the polyploid nature of the Vitis genome. Nine of the probes detected RFLPs between parents. Analysis of the progenies (F1generation) revealed segregation for nine distinct polymorphisms generated by seven of the probes.Thus, a relatively high level of polymorphism among parents, as well as heterozygosity within each parent, was evident. Most RFLPs gave segregation ratios close to the 1: 1 ratio predicted for a locus heterozygous in one parent. However four differences between parental phenotypes did not segregated in the progeny, and in three instances fragments present in both parents segregated in the progeny. These peculiar results may be explained by accounting for heterozygosity or homozygosity, respectively, for the DNA segment that generates the polymorphism. We conclude that RFLP studies can be performed on the first filial generation in woody perennials such as Vitis that have a relatively high level of heterozygosity in the genom

Exempt Organizations: A Study of Their Nature and the Applicability of the Unrelated Business Income Tax

With the hope of clarifying a difficult issue, this paper examines the traditional categories of exempt organizations (EOs), rationales for their exempt status, tests for gaining and maintaining their exempt status, standard tests used to impose unrelated business income tax (UBIT), and ways in which the traditional tests and standards are changing. Furthermore, this paper predicts areas of future change, discusses ways in which EOs can immediately strengthen their exempt status to avoid unnecessary UBIT, and suggests principled arguments which can be used to halt additional unwarranted incursions by tax reformers and simplifiers

Nucleosides are overlooked fuels in central carbon metabolism.

From our daily nutrition and synthesis within cells, nucleosides enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body and tissues. Nucleosides and nucleotides are classically viewed as precursors of nucleic acids, but recently they have emerged as a novel energy source for central carbon metabolism. Through catabolism by nucleoside phosphorylases, the ribose sugar group is released and can provide substrates for lower steps in glycolysis. In environments with limited glucose, such as at sites of infection or in the tumor microenvironment (TME), cells can use, and may even require, this alternative energy source. Here, we discuss the implications of these new findings in health and disease and speculate on the potential new roles of nucleosides and nucleic acids in energy metabolism

Inheritance of chloroplast DNA in two full-sib Vitis populations

The mode of transmission of chloroplasts in 2 grape populations was determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to trace the origin of plastids in the progeny. The populations examined were formed by crossing 2 complex interspecific hybrids: NY 62.136.2 x Yates and Cayuga White x Aurore. Analysis of the restriction banding patterns of total DNA of the 4 parents probed with cpDNA of grape and petunia revealed a high level of polymorphism (63 %) between parents ot the first cross and a low level of polymorphism (15 %) between the parents of the second cross. The restriction banding patterns of the 4 parents were unique, indicating that there were 4 distinct chloroplast genotypes. Analysis of the restriction banding patterns of total DNA of the progeny probed with cpDNA showed that all progeny from both crosses exhibited the banding pattern of the maternal parent. Thus, the mode of plastid transmission in these populations of grape was strictly maternal

Seleção recorrente para produtividade e qualidade de frutos em abobrinha braquítica

Considerando-se que abobrinha (Cucurbita moschata) geralmente não apresenta perda de vigor pela endogamia, a seleção recorrente pode ser um método adequado para o melhoramento desta espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da seleção recorrente em abobrinha, cultivar Piramoita, visando aumento de produtividade e melhoria da qualidade de frutos. Foram realizados três ciclos de seleção recorrente a partir da cultivar Piramoita (população P0), com avaliação e seleção de progênies S1. Em todos os ciclos de seleção, os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas de cinco plantas, tendo a cultivar Piramoita como testemunha. O espaçamento foi de 2,0 x 1,0 m. Após cada ciclo de seleção, as sementes remanescentes das progênies selecionadas foram empregadas no ciclo seguinte de recombinação, cada progênie contribuindo em média com dez plantas tomadas ao acaso. As quatro populações (P0, PI, PII e PIII) foram avaliadas em blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições de cinco plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados número e massa total e comercial (retos, com pescoço comprido e sem defeitos aparentes) de frutos imaturos por planta e a proporção de frutos comerciais. Foram realizadas as análises de variância e regressão. Foram observados aumentos de produção lineares significativos ao longo dos ciclos de seleção. Na população PIII, os números de frutos total (17) e comercial (11) por planta, assim como a massa total (3,7) e comercial (2,6 kg planta-1), superaram a população inicial em 32, 63, 24 e 57%, respectivamente. Essas diferenças correspondem a um aumento superior a 11 t ha-1 ou mais de 36.000 frutos ha-1 em apenas três ciclos de seleção recorrente.Since squash (Cucurbita moschata) usually does not have inbreeding depression, recurrent selection may be an adequate method for squash breeding. In this study the recurrent selection efficiency was evaluated in squash, cultivar Piramoita, aiming to improving fruit yield and quality. Three generations were produced out of cultivar Piramoita (population P0), with evaluation and selection of S1 progenies. In all selection cycles, experiments were set up in randomized blocks design, with five plants per plot, with cultivar Piramoita as control. Spacing was 2.0 x 1.0 m. After each cycle, the remaining seeds of selected progenies were used in the following cycle of recombination, and each progeny was represented, on average, by ten random plants. The four populations (P0, PI, PII and PIII) were evaluated in randomized blocks design, with eight replicates and five-plant plots. Number and weight of total and commercial (straight fruits, with long neck and without visible defects) fruits per plant and the rate of commercial fruits were evaluated. Variance and regression analysis was performed and indicated a linear increase in yield due to selection cycles. In population PIII, total (17) and commercial (11) fruit number plant-1, and total (3.7) and commercial (2.6 kg) weight of fruits plant-1, overcame initial population in 32; 63; 24, and 57%, respectively. These differences correspond to an increase larger than 11 t ha-1 or more than 36000 fruits ha-1 in only three recurrent selection cycles