119 research outputs found
Accommodation of lattice mismatch in Ge_(x)Si_(1âx)/Si superlattices
We present evidence that the critical thickness for the appearance of misfit defects in a given material and heteroepitaxial structure is not simply a function of lattice mismatch. We report substantial differences in the relaxation of mismatch stress in Ge_(0.5)Si_(0.5)/Si superlattices grown at different temperatures on (100) Si substrates. Samples have been analyzed by xâray diffraction, channeled Rutherford backscattering, and transmission electron microscopy. While a superlattice grown at 365â°C demonstrates a high degree of elastic strain, with a dislocation density <10^5 cm^(â2) , structures grown at higher temperatures show increasing numbers of structural defects, with densities reaching 2Ă10^(10) cm^(â2) at a growth temperature of 530â°C. Our results suggest that it is possible to freeze a latticeâmismatched structure in a highly strained metastable state. Thus it is not surprising that experimentally observed critical thicknesses are rarely in agreement with those predicted by equilibrium theories
Making things happen : a model of proactive motivation
Being proactive is about making things happen, anticipating and preventing problems, and seizing opportunities. It involves self-initiated efforts to bring about change in the work environment and/or oneself to achieve a different future. The authors develop existing perspectives on this topic by identifying proactivity as a goal-driven process involving both the setting of a proactive goal (proactive goal generation) and striving to achieve that proactive goal (proactive goal striving). The authors identify a range of proactive goals that individuals can pursue in organizations. These vary on two dimensions: the future they aim to bring about (achieving a better personal fit within oneâs work environment, improving the organizationâs internal functioning, or enhancing the organizationâs strategic fit with its environment) and whether the self or situation is being changed. The authors then identify âcan do,â âreason to,â and âenergized toâ motivational states that prompt proactive goal generation and sustain goal striving. Can do motivation arises from perceptions of self-efficacy, control, and (low) cost. Reason to motivation relates to why someone is proactive, including reasons flowing from intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation. Energized to motivation refers to activated positive affective states that prompt proactive goal processes. The authors suggest more distal antecedents, including individual differences (e.g., personality, values, knowledge and ability) as well as contextual variations in leadership, work design, and interpersonal climate, that influence the proactive motivational states and thereby boost or inhibit proactive goal processes. Finally, the authors summarize priorities for future researc
Risk-taking, delay discounting, and time perspective in adolescent gamblers: an experimental study
Previous research has demonstrated that adult pathological gamblers (compared to controls) show risk-proneness, foreshortened time horizon, and preference for immediate rewards. No study has ever examined the interplay of these factors in adolescent gambling. A total of 104 adolescents took part in the research. Two equal-number groups of adolescent non-problem and problem gamblers, defined using the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), were administered the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC-14) Scale, and the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ). Adolescent problem gamblers were found to be more risk-prone, more oriented to the present, and to discount delay rewards more steeply than adolescent non-problem gamblers. Results of logistic regression analysis revealed that BART, MCQ, and CFC scores predicted gambling severity. These novel finding provides the first evidence of an association among problematic gambling, high risk-taking proneness, steep delay discounting, and foreshortened time horizon among adolescents. It may be that excessive gambling induces shortsighted behaviors that, in turn, facilitate gambling involvement
Taxonomic and Environmental Variability in the Elemental Composition and Stoichiometry of Individual Dinoflagellate and Diatom Cells from the NW Mediterranean Sea
Here we present, for the first time, the elemental concentration, including C, N and O, of single phytoplankton cells collected from the sea. Plankton elemental concentration and stoichiometry are key variables in phytoplankton ecophysiology and ocean biogeochemistry, and are used to link cells and ecosystems. However, most field studies rely on bulk techniques that overestimate carbon and nitrogen because the samples include organic matter other than plankton organisms. Here we used X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), a technique that, unlike bulk analyses, gives simultaneous quotas of C, N, O, Mg, Si, P, and S, in single-cell organisms that can be collected directly from the sea. We analysed the elemental composition of dinoflagellates and diatoms (largely Chaetoceros spp.) collected from different sites of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean Sea). As expected, a lower C content is found in our cells compared to historical values of cultured cells. Our results indicate that, except for Si and O in diatoms, the mass of all elements is not a constant fraction of cell volume but rather decreases with increasing cell volume. Also, diatoms are significantly less dense in all the measured elements, except Si, compared to dinoflagellates. The N:P ratio of both groups is higher than the Redfield ratio, as it is the N:P nutrient ratio in deep NW Mediterranean Sea waters (N:P = 20â23). The results suggest that the P requirement is highest for bacterioplankton, followed by dinoflagellates, and lowest for diatoms, giving them a clear ecological advantage in P-limited environments like the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, the P concentration of cells of the same genera but growing under different nutrient conditions was the same, suggesting that the P quota of these cells is at a critical level. Our results indicate that XRMA is an accurate technique to determine single cell elemental quotas and derived conversion factors used to understand and model ocean biogeochemical cycles
Cognitive Ability, Character Skills, and Learning to Play Equilibrium: A Level-k Analysis
Reward Preferences of Pathological Gamblers Under Conditions of Uncertainty: An Experimental Study
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Deuterium-beam species measured by fusion reactions in the neutralizer
Using a surface barrier detector and standard nuclear instrumentation, the energetic charged products of fusion reactions between deuterium neutralizer gas and accelerated deuterium ions are sorted in energy to yield a measurement of the species from a neutral beam source, i.e., the proportions of accelerated D/sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/, and D/sub 3//sup +/. Such sources have been designed at LBL for the TFTR project at Princeton University to accelerate currents of 65 amps to 120 kilovolts, and the species distribution affects the power deposition within the target plasma. An integral measurement over the entire area of the beam can be performed with Doppler shift spectroscopy, but it involves a large number of cross sections, of which not all are known, and it is also dependent upon the neutralizer gas distribution. The present species measurement complements other measurements because it is integrated over the entire beam, is independent of the neutralizer gas distribution, and only requires one well known cross section
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On the Comparison of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Channelled Rutherford Back Scattering Techniques to Evaluate the Multi-Layer Sub-Surface Damage Structures
Crossâsectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and MeV He{sup +} channeling methods have been used to examine different damage structures present under the color bands visible at the surface of a highâdoseârate P{sup +}âimplanted (111) Si wafer implanted to a dose of 7.5Ă10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2}. TEM and channeling results obtained from individual colored regions showed a good qualitative correlation in that discrete damage layers observed in the 'crossâsectional TEM' micrographs appeared as discrete peaks in the channeled spectra. The mean depths of the damage layers obtained from these two methods were in agreement. However, the widths of the deeperâlying damage layers calculated from the channeling measurements were always greater than the widths observed by TEM. An empirical method based on subtraction of dechanneling background in the channeling spectra gave damage layer widths that were in close agreement with the TEM results
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