135 research outputs found
ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ)
Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ: ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π·Π²ΡΠΊ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³Π΅Π±ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ², ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊ. Π£ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ
Effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the visits frequencies in Emergency Service Skopje
Abstract: The pandemic caused by the COVID -19 virus has affected human health, consequently the health system and health services, both worldwide and in the Republic of North Macedonia. The idea for this research was therefore to examine the impact of the conditions imposed by the pandemic on the visits of the Emergency medical service in Skopje.For this purpose, the frequencies of visits with transport to hospital and just visits, as well as the frequencies of emergency calls and calls only for transport in the periods: before the pandemic (March 2019-February 2020) and during the pandemic (March 2020 to February 2021) were analyzed. The overall number of visits was further analyzed by categories: age and gender.In the period from March 2019 to March 2021, a total of 49,930 visits were performed, of which 24,115 were performed during the pandemic and 25,815 before. In the same period, a total of 13,835 emergency calls were answered, of which 6,434 were during the pandemic and 7,401 before; a total of 9780 calls for transport of patients were carried out, during the pandemic 5602 and 4178 before the pandemic. The analysis showed that the number of transports was increased and the number of emergency calls decreased during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period, while the number of visits during and before the pandemic did not differ significantly. Concerning age and gender, the analysis showed that the number of visits to children, men aged 20 to 40 and women over 60 years was significantly reduced compared to pre-pandemic visits, while there was no difference in other age groups. The contributions of visits related to certain diagnostic and a particular age group are discussed in this paper.We found that the pandemic has not influenced the pace of work, apart from the conditions, only the association between the kind of calls and the diagnoses for which the visits were made has practically changed. During the pandemic, most visits for males and females over 40 were related to COVID diagnosis, while for children, men and women under 40, accidents were the most common caus
Diurnal and spatial variations of radon and its influence on ionization of the nearground atmospheric layer
The most abundant and efficient source of air ionization in the lower layer of the atmosphere is radon. As an alpha emitter, radon plays cruciant role in the earth atmospheric electricity. Besides physical, radon and ions have a significant biological role concerning human health: radon is health hazard while the ions are beneficial ingredient of the air we breathe. Measurements were made using continual radon monitor Rad-7 and air ion counter CDI-06. Diurnal and spa¬tial variations of both atmospheric constitutens are mutually related and dependant mo¬stly on radon exhalation potential, meterological parameters, aerosol con¬cen-tra¬ti¬on and formation of temperature inversion layer. Indoor concentrations are re¬la¬ted to radon accumulation and partiallz influenced by external radon concentratio
Radiological impact of surface water and sediment near uranium mining sites
The aim of this study is to assess the radiological impact of surface water and
sediment around uranium mining sites 20 years after their closing. The areas
under observations are 31 former classical underground uranium mining and
exploratory sites in Bulgaria, named as objects. The extraction and processing
of uranium ores in the Republic of Bulgaria were ended in 1992. To assess
the radiological impact of radionuclides field expeditions were performed to
sample water and bottom sediment. The migration of uranium through surface
water was examined as one of the major pathways for contamination spread.
The range of uranium concentration in water flowing from the mining sites
was from 0.012 to 6.8 mgU l
β1
with a geometric mean of 0.192 mgU l
.
The uranium concentrations in water downstream the mining sites were
approximately 3 times higher than the background value (upstream). The
concentrations of U
nat
,
226
Ra,
210
Pb, and
232
Th in the sediment of downstream
river were higher than those upstream by 3.4, 2.6, 2, and 1.7 times, respectively.
The distribution coefficient of uranium reflects its high mobility in most of the
sites. In order to evaluate the impact on people as well as site prioritization for
more detailed assessment and water management, screening dose assessments
were done
Results of the national radon indoors survey in Bulgaria
Purpose: To present the results
of the annual
average indoor radon
concentrations
from National
survey in Bulgarian regions. Variability
of
measured
data between
28
regions was
investigated in order to
achieve
the preliminary
assessment
the
distribution
of
indoor
radon
concentration
through
Bulgarian
territory.
Argument: The National survey on average radon concentration
in
Bulgarian
dwellings
was carried out
from
2015
to
2016,
with the
co-operation
of
the
Regional
Health Inspectorate
under
the
National
Radon
Program.
Data were collected through personal
interviews with
residents
and deployment of alpha track detectors
for
one
year
through
two
phases. The first phase was from March 2015 to December 2015
and second from December 2015 to April 2016 approximately. For each
region 100 detectors were distributed and spread to villages in regions
depending on the population. The measurements were completed in
2775 dwellings. The distribution of indoor radon levels has been found
to be log-normal with a geometric mean (GM) of 81.6 Bqβ’mβ3 and a
standard deviation of 2.1. The highest value of the radon concentration
found was 1314 Bqβ’mβ3 in the Sliven region. Region with high GM of 184
Bqβ’mβ3 and a standard deviation of 1.7 is Yambol in Southeast Bulgaria.
In about 6% of the houses, the radon concentration was found to be in
excess of the recommended reference value of 300 Bqβ’mβ3, suggested
by the Council of the European UnionCommission in in new EU Directive
2013/59/Euratom. Conclusion: The data from National survey are the first
systematic results and are received to complete the National Program,
which will finish in 2017. The preliminary results clearly show that the national
action plan
to address
long-term risks
from radon
exposures should be developed taking into account the results achieve in this program
and in accordance with the new Directive 2013/59/Euratom
Developing a method for predicting radon concentrations above a reference level in new montenegrin buildings
Dependence of indoor radon concentrations (IRCs) in the ground floors of 1200 buildings across Montenegro on 11 factors was analyzed. A group of 734 buildings, for which none of the analyzed factors was missing, was further analyzed using the logistic regression method, in order to develop a prediction model for IRC occurrence above the national reference level for new buildings (200 Bq/m3). Applying the forward stepwise method, and based on likelihood ratios, five explanatory variablesβmunicipality, type of building, presence of basement, window frames, and period of constructionβwere selected for including into the final logistic regression model for predicting probability of IRC > 200 Bq/m3. The final model explained 77.1% of the observed IRCs, while the obtained Area under the Curve of 0.8018 classified the model as having a very high predictive ability. Achieving similar values for both the final prediction model and the validation model, for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, confirmed the applicability of the developed model
Annual and seasonal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia)
This paper presents the results of a survey of indoor radon concentrations in the dwellings of 10 Municipalities in the Skopje: the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Macedonia (600 000 habitants). The indoor radon concentrations were measured during the four successive seasons from December 2008 to December 2009 using integrating passive alpha track-etch detectors with an exposure period of three months. The annual mean indoor radon concentration in each measuring site was estimated as an arithmetic mean from the four individual measurements.
The measurements were completed for 124 dwellings, of which 112 dwellings revealed indoor radon concentrations lower than 200 Bq mβ3, and 3 showed radon concentrations in excess of 400 Bq mβ3. The annual mean indoor radon concentrations were found to be log-normally distributed, ranging from 18 to 502 Bq mβ3. The geometric mean value of the indoor radon concentration in Skopje region was estimated to be 83*/1.94 Bq mβ3. The results of analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences among annual mean values of the indoor radon concentrations of among the different municipalities (p=0.021).
The influence of the factors linked to building characteristics in relation to the annual mean of indoor radon concentration was also a subject to examination. The factors which allow differentiation into subgroups (significance level p<0.05) were: the floor level (p<0.0001), presence of basement (p<0.0001), and type of heating (p=0.004). Seasonal dependence of indoor radon concentration was observed. The minimum indoor radon concentrations were found in the summer season whereas maximum levels were observed in the winter season (p< 0.0001)
Antibacterial Activity of Selected Silver Nanoparticles Coatings - Our Initial Experience
Nanoparticles exhibits chemical and physical properties significantly different to their macro-scale counterparts composed of the same substance (due higher surface/volume ratio, colour, solubility, diffusivity,material strength, toxicity, thermodynamic, magnetic, optical and other
properties) and may have unique impacts on health and environment.
Extremelly small size (1-100 nm) enables them to enter the human body through usual or unusual routes, pass through cell membranes, or cross the blood-brain barrier. Gravity loses impact and importance, surface tension and Van der Waals constants has more importance in system of nano particles.
Nanotechnology is already used in various applications, with potential tobe applied at any stage in food industry: production, preservation, processing, packaging,transport, nanobarcodes for food authenticity and tracing, labelling, keeping the quality of food products, extend the products shelf-life, removal of undesirable tastes, flavours or allergens from food products, nano (bio)sensors for food safety, water filtration.
Risks of nanotechnology are still unknown and unpredictable. Initial scientific studies showed negative effects on living organisms and a potential for serious threat to human health.
Authorities of the most developed countries, have set up, guidance documents and procedures for nanoenabled products based on existing regulations, appropriate in vitro and in vivo ADME studies (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and requirements for standardised and harmonised analytical test methods for proper risk assesments, clear identification and characterization of nano-hazards.
Nanotechnology in medicine (Nanomedicine) apply for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria and low levels of viruses, in small sample volumes, at lower costs than current in-use technologies. This advance in early detection enables accurate and prompt treatment.
Nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level are under development. Rapid and sensitive detection methods, based on nano (bio) senzors, are developed for food-borne pathogens E. coli, especially E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, C. jejuni, E. cloacae, B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes. Detection sensor to detect bacterial biofilm formation on surfaces are under development.
New strategies to combat multydrug resistant microorganisms (MDR) are urgently needed and nanomaterials are very promising approach. Small size provides large surface of
nanoparticles and at least 50% of molecules will react to the microorganisms.
Metal nanomaterials (silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, magnesium,cadmium, and alumina) possess advantage of unique antimicrobial activities. Scientists offers also new complex antibacterial and antiviral nano systems on the basis of metal oxides or intermetallic oxide compounds (such as TiO2, ZrO2, SnO and SiO2).
Inside the human body ionic silver quickly combines with chloride to form an insoluble compound called silver chloride which is far less reactive than metallic silver nanoparticles.
Some studies established that silver ions has strongest bactericidal effect, cooper and gold weaker one.
In our preliminary study on antibacterial activity of several different compositions of nanoparticle coatings (titanium, inox and silver), we found antimicrobial activity of silver, double composition of titanium and
silver against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not for E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. More extensive studies will follow.
Key words: Nanoscience, nanoparticles, silver, ions, biofilm, antimicrobial, antibiotic, resistance
First Evolution of Radon Concentrations Spatial Distribution based on the geological parameters and multiple linear regression method in schools of Sjenica community, Western Serbia (Balkan area)
Purpose: The paper deals with the analysis of radon survey in 34 schools
over Sjenica community, in West Serbia, aiming at systematically continuation
of previously performed surveys
(2008-2010)
in the 340 schools
in
South
Serbia,
as
the project
activities
(Serbian
Ministry
of
Education
Since
and Technical Development) considering
optimization of
the
design of a national survey and improving the knowledge of radon distribution
in Serbia. In addition , the results of this survey triggered, based
on
Sjenica (Pestar)
region complex geology and measured annual Rn
concentrations,
an attempt of
the
explanation
of radon
spatial
variation
in Sjenica community by multivariable linear regression (MLR) method in
total of 36 public buildings investigated (beside schools, the kindergarten
and meterological station).
Argumatation: Schools are workplaces which are subject to Rn regulations
(EC 2014,BSS).Among other, the
BSS require
establishing reference
levels
for long-term
indoor
Rn
concentration,
not
exceeding
300
Bq/m3
for
both
dwellings
and workplaces.
The
36
public buildings were surveyed
the whole
year
in
the Sjenica
community in
West Serbia
by long
term
measurements
with CR-39 detectors (commercially
named Gamma
1, Landaurer, Sweden).
Sjenica community is
the largest
community
of
1059 km2
surface in Serbia and it was found that indoor radon
(Rn)
lower
than 100 Bq/m3 are most probable and although with lower probability,that
Rn higher
than
action
level
of 300
Bq/m3could occur
in
14%
of
the
buildings , indicating potential of the
investigated
area as high
natural
background
area.
The
highest
measured
indoor
Rn
concentration
was 1130 Bq/m3.
Conclusion: The predictive model was developed, in order to determine
how geological parameters best merge to explain the indoor radon
concentrations. The results of this investigation highlight that it is possible
to predict indoor radon concentrations using the geological data to an
acceptable level of accuracy with a limited number of measurements.
There is potential of the investigated area as high natural background
area
Analysis of the spatial distribution of the indoor radon concentration in school's buildings in Plovdiv province, Bulgaria
This paper presents an evaluation of the indoor radon spatial variation between and within school buildings. Radon measurements were carried out in 331 rooms of 16 school buildings in 5 municipalities of Plovdiv province, Bulgaria. They were performed with CR-39 nuclear track detectors exposed over an 8-month period from September 2018 to April 2019. The arithmetic and geometric means together with corresponding standard deviation and geometric standard deviations of the indoor radon concentration were 160 Β± 175 Bq/m3 and 108 */2.35 Bq/m3, respectively. The best data fit was achieved with a Weibull 3-parameter function (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p = 0.2916). The effect of the school location and various building characteristics on the indoor radon concentration distribution within a province was investigated. The analyses showed that the factor βyear of building constructionβ, which is in general related with the technical condition of the building, imposed the highest impact on the indoor radon concentration difference between schools. The vertical and horizontal components of the indoor radon spatial variability within a school were analysed as well. The results concerning the radon variation within schools could be used to optimize future radon school surveys. In this paper, quality control for indoor radon measurement procedures and radon health impact assessments was included
- β¦