184 research outputs found
Compiling Geometric Algebra Computations into Reconfigurable Hardware Accelerators
Geometric Algebra (GA), a generalization of quaternions and complex numbers, is a very
powerful framework for intuitively expressing and manipulating the complex
geometric relationships common to engineering problems.
However, actual processing of GA expressions is very compute intensive, and
acceleration is generally required for practical use. GPUs and FPGAs offer
such acceleration, while requiring only low-power per operation.
In this paper, we present key components of a proof-of-concept compile flow
combining symbolic and hardware optimization techniques to
automatically generate hardware accelerators from the abstract GA descriptions that are suitable for high-performance embedded computing
Rapid Prototyping and Exploration Environment for Generating C-to-Hardware-Compilers
There is today an ever-increasing demand for more computational power
coupled with a desire to minimize energy requirements. Hardware
accelerators currently appear to be the best solution to this problem.
While general purpose computation with GPUs seem to be
very successful in this area, they perform adequately only in those cases where the data
access patterns and utilized algorithms fit the underlying
architecture. ASICs on the other hand can yield even better results
in terms of performance and energy consumption, but are very
inflexible, as they are manufactured with an application specific
circuitry. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) represent a combination of approaches: With their application specific hardware they provide
high computational power while requiring, for many applications, less
energy than a CPU or a GPU. On the other hand they are far more
flexible than an ASIC due to their reconfigurability.
The only remaining problem is the programming of
the FPGAs, as they are far more difficult to program compared to
regular software. To allow common software developers, who have at
best very limited
knowledge in hardware design, to make use of these devices, tools were
developed that take a regular high level language and generate
hardware from it.
Among such tools, C-to-HDL compilers are a particularly wide-spread approach. These compilers attempt to translate common C code into a hardware description language from which a
datapath is generated. Most of these compilers have many
restrictions for the input and differ in their underlying generated
micro architecture, their scheduling method, their applied
optimizations, their execution model and even their target
hardware. Thus, a comparison of a certain aspect alone, like their
implemented scheduling method or their generated micro architecture,
is almost impossible, as they differ in so many other aspects.
This work provides a survey of the existing C-to-HDL compilers and
presents a new approach to evaluating and exploring
different micro architectures for dynamic scheduling used by such
compilers. From a mathematically formulated rule set the Triad
compiler generates a backend for the Scale compiler framework,
which then implements a hardware generation backend with described dynamic
scheduling.
While more than a factor of four slower than hardware from highly
optimized compilers, this environment allows easy comparison and
exploration of different rule sets and the micro architecture for the
dynamically scheduled datapaths generated from them. For demonstration
purposes a rule set modeling the COCOMA token flow model from
the COMRADE 2.0 compiler was implemented. Multiple variants of
it were explored: Savings of up to 11% of the required hardware
resources were possible
HTML Violations and Where to Find Them: A Longitudinal Analysis of Specification Violations in HTML
With the increased interest in the web in the 90s, everyone wanted to have their own website. However, given the lack of knowledge, such pages contained numerous HTML specification violations. This was when browser vendors came up with a new feature – error tolerance. This feature, part of browsers ever since, makes the HTML parsers tolerate and instead fix violations temporarily. On the downside, it risks security issues like Mutation XSS and Dangling Markup. In this paper, we asked ourselves, do we still need to rely on this error tolerance, or can we abandon this security issue? To answer this question, we study the evolution of HTML violations over the past eight years. To this end, we identify security-relevant violations and leverage Common Crawl to check archived pages for these. Using this framework, we automatically analyze over 23K popular domains over time. This analysis reveals that while the number of violations has decreased over the years, more than 68% of all domains still contain at least one HTML violation today. While this number is obviously too high for browser vendors to tighten the parsing process immediately, we show that automatic approaches could quickly correct up to 46% of today’s violations. Based on our findings, we propose a roadmap for how we could tighten this process to improve the quality of HTML markup in the long run
You Call This Archaeology? Evaluating Web Archives for Reproducible Web Security Measurements
Given the dynamic nature of the Web, security measurements on it suffer from reproducibility issues. In this paper we take a systematic look into the potential of using web archives for web security measurements. We first evaluate an extensive set of web archives as potential sources of archival data, showing the superiority of the Internet Archive with respect to its competitors. We then assess the appropriateness of the Internet Archive for historical web security measurements, detecting subtleties and possible pitfalls in its adoption. Finally, we investigate the feasibility of using the Internet Archive to simulate live security measurements, using recent archival data in place of live data. Our analysis shows that archive-based security measurements are a promising alternative to traditional live security measurements, yet reproducible by design. As an important contribution, we identify insights and best practices for future archive-based security measurements
New HARPS and FEROS observations of GJ1046
In this paper we present new precise Doppler data of GJ1046 taken between
November 2005 and July 2018 with the HARPS and the FEROS high-resolution
spectographs. In addition, we provide a new stellar mass estimate of GJ1046 and
we update the orbital parameters of the GJ1046 system. These new data and
analysis could be used together with the GAIA epoch astrometry, when available,
for braking the degeneracy and revealing the true mass of the GJ1046
system.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure, 1 table with RV data (available only in the
Astro-PH version of the paper), Accepted by RNAA
Implementing chemical functionality into oriented films of metal–organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayers
The generation of thin films of oriented functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) on self-assembled monolayers was achieved via direct growth from solution. Specifically, the direct growth from solvothermally pretreated synthesis solutions of two different MOF structures with amino functionality was investigated: the flexible framework structure NH2–Fe–MIL-88B and the mesoporous MOF NH2–Fe–MIL-101 with its remarkably large unit cell. Both MOF structures can be grown in a highly oriented fashion on self-assembled monolayers of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid on gold. With the help of a quartz crystal microbalance we demonstrate that the introduction of amino groups into the framework strongly affects the host–guest interactions towards ethanol molecules: thin films of NH2–Fe–MIL-88B show a significantly higher uptake of ethanol than unfunctionalized Fe–MIL-88B films. In situ XRD experiments during sorption of ethanol showed that the amino group does have an impact on the cell parameters of the structure, but the flexibility ("breathing") during ad- and desorption of ethanol is similar for the functionalized and the unfunctionalized structures. It is anticipated that the implementation of chemical functionalities into oriented MOF films will lead to selective host–guest interactions that are of key importance for chemical sensing and other applications
Mistral 7B
We introduce Mistral 7B v0.1, a 7-billion-parameter language model engineered
for superior performance and efficiency. Mistral 7B outperforms Llama 2 13B
across all evaluated benchmarks, and Llama 1 34B in reasoning, mathematics, and
code generation. Our model leverages grouped-query attention (GQA) for faster
inference, coupled with sliding window attention (SWA) to effectively handle
sequences of arbitrary length with a reduced inference cost. We also provide a
model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mistral 7B -- Instruct, that surpasses
the Llama 2 13B -- Chat model both on human and automated benchmarks. Our
models are released under the Apache 2.0 license.Comment: Models and code are available at
https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b
The QCD confinement transition: hadron formation
We review the foundations and the applications of the statistical and the
quark recombination model as hadronization models.Comment: 45 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in Landolt-Boernstein
Volume 1-23
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