Freedom of Language: Hispanic’s Fight for Cultural Equality

My goal is to see if freedom of speech is stable for all ethnic barriers. In certain situations freedom of speech is not stable and this cannot be enforced by federal courts, and my other goal is to explain why

Correction to: The Transition from Hunting–Gathering to Food Production in the Gamo Highlands of Southern Ethiopia

The article The Transition from Hunting–Gathering to Food Production in the Gamo Highlands of Southern Ethiopi

Hydrodynamics of the VanA-type VanS histidine kinase: an extended solution conformation and first evidence for interactions with vancomycin

VanA-type resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in clinical enterococci is regulated by the VanSARA two-component signal transduction system. The nature of the molecular ligand that is recognised by the VanSA sensory component has not hitherto been identified. Here we employ purified, intact and active VanSA membrane protein (henceforth referred to as VanS) in analytical ultracentrifugation experiments to study VanS oligomeric state and conformation in the absence and presence of vancomycin. A combination of sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge (SEDFIT, SEDFIT-MSTAR and MULTISIG analysis) showed that VanS in the absence of the ligand is almost entirely monomeric (molar mass M = 45.7 kDa) in dilute aqueous solution with a trace amount of high molar mass material (M ~ 200 kDa). The sedimentation coefficient s suggests the monomer adopts an extended conformation in aqueous solution with an equivalent aspect ratio of ~ (12+2). In the presence of vancomycin over a 33% increase in the sedimentation coefficient is observed with the appearance of additional higher s components, demonstrating an interaction, an observation consistent with our circular dichroism measurements. The two possible causes of this increase in s – either a ligand induced dimerization and/or compaction of the monomer are considered

Search for Fragment Emission from Nuclear Shock Waves

Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured of 3He and 4He fragments emitted from Ag and U targets, bombarded with 2.7-GeV protons, and 1.05-GeV/nucleon alpha particles and 16O ions. All cross sections increase dramatically with projectile mass. No narrow peaks are found in the angular distributions or in the energy spectra

Systemic Delivery of Oncolytic Adenoviruses Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-β Inhibits Established Bone Metastasis in a Prostate Cancer Mouse Model

Abstract We have examined whether Ad.sT?RFc and TAd.sT?RFc, two oncolytic viruses expressing soluble transforming growth factor-? receptor II fused with human Fc (sTGF?RIIFc), can be developed to treat bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Incubation of PC-3 and DU-145 prostate tumor cells with Ad.sT?RFc and TAd.sT?RFc produced sTGF?RIIFc and viral replication; sTGF?RIIFc caused inhibition of TGF-?-mediated SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation. Ad(E1-).sT?RFc, an E1? adenovirus, produced sTGF?RIIFc but failed to replicate in tumor cells. To examine the antitumor response of adenoviral vectors, PC-3-luc cells were injected into the left heart ventricle of nude mice. On day 9, mice were subjected to whole-body bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Mice bearing hind-limb tumors were administered viral vectors via the tail vein on days 10, 13, and 17 (2.5?1010 viral particles per injection per mouse, each injection in a 0.1-ml volume), and subjected to BLI and X-ray radiography weekly until day 53. Ad.sT?RFc, TAd.sT?RFc, and Ad(E1-).sT?RFc caused significant inhibition of tumor growth; however, Ad.sT?RFc was the most effective among all the vectors. Only Ad.sT?RFc and TAd.sT?RFc inhibited tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Histomorphometric and synchrotron micro-computed tomographic analysis of isolated bones indicated that Ad.sT?RFc induced significant reduction in tumor burden, osteoclast number, and trabecular and cortical bone destruction. These studies suggest that Ad.sT?RFc and TAd.sT?RFc can be developed as potential new therapies for prostate cancer bone metastasis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98454/1/hum%2E2012%2E040.pd

Mistral 7B

We introduce Mistral 7B v0.1, a 7-billion-parameter language model engineered for superior performance and efficiency. Mistral 7B outperforms Llama 2 13B across all evaluated benchmarks, and Llama 1 34B in reasoning, mathematics, and code generation. Our model leverages grouped-query attention (GQA) for faster inference, coupled with sliding window attention (SWA) to effectively handle sequences of arbitrary length with a reduced inference cost. We also provide a model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mistral 7B -- Instruct, that surpasses the Llama 2 13B -- Chat model both on human and automated benchmarks. Our models are released under the Apache 2.0 license.Comment: Models and code are available at https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b

Central collisions of relativistic heavy ions

The energy spectra of protons and light nuclei produced by the interaction of 4He and 20Ne projectiles with Al and U targets have been investigated at incident energies ranging from 0.25 to 2.1 GeV per nucleon. Single fragment inclusive spectra have been obtained at angles between 25° and 150°, in the energy range from 30 to 150 MeV/nucleon. The multiplicity of intermediate and high energy charged particles was determined in coincidence with the measured fragments. In a separate study, fragment spectra were obtained in the evaporation energy range from 12C and 20Ne bombardment of uranium. We observe structureless, exponentially decaying spectra throughout the range of studied fragment masses. There is evidence for two major classes of fragments; one with emission at intermediate temperature from a system moving slowly in the lab frame, and the other with high temperature emission from a system propagating at a velocity intermediate between target and projectile. The high energy proton spectra are fairly well reproduced by a nuclear fireball model based on simple geometrical, kinematical, and statistical assumptions. Light cluster emission is also discussed in the framework of statistical models. NUCLEAR REACTIONS U(20Ne,X), E=250 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), U(α,X) E=400 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), Al(20Ne,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E,θ), X=p, d, t, 3He,4He. U(20Ne,X), U(α,X), E=400 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E, θ), Li to O. U(20Ne,X), U(12C,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E, 90°), 4He to B. Nuclear fireballs, coalescence, thermodynamics of light nuclei production

Nuclear fireball model for proton inclusive spectra from relativistic heavy-ion collisions

A simple model is proposed for the emission of nucleons with velocities intermediate between those of the target and projectile. In this model, the nucleons which are mutually swept out from the target and projectile form a hot quasiequilibrated fireball which decays as an ideal gas. The overall features of the proton-inclusive spectra from 250- and 400-MeV/nucleon 20Ne ions and 400-MeV/nucleon 4He ions interacting with uranium are fitted without any adjustable parameters

Experimental Study of the Shortest Reset Word of Random Automata

In this paper we describe an approach to finding the shortest reset word of a finite synchronizing automaton by using a SAT solver. We use this approach to perform an experimental study of the length of the shortest reset word of a finite synchronizing automaton. The largest automata we considered had 100 states. The results of the experiments allow us to formulate a hypothesis that the length of the shortest reset word of a random finite automaton with $n$ states and 2 input letters with high probability is sublinear with respect to $n$ and can be estimated as $1.95 n^{0.55}.

Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent.

Characterizing genetic diversity in Africa is a crucial step for most analyses reconstructing the evolutionary history of anatomically modern humans. However, historic migrations from Eurasia into Africa have affected many contemporary populations, confounding inferences. Here, we present a 12.5× coverage ancient genome of an Ethiopian male ("Mota") who lived approximately 4500 years ago. We use this genome to demonstrate that the Eurasian backflow into Africa came from a population closely related to Early Neolithic farmers, who had colonized Europe 4000 years earlier. The extent of this backflow was much greater than previously reported, reaching all the way to Central, West, and Southern Africa, affecting even populations such as Yoruba and Mbuti, previously thought to be relatively unadmixed, who harbor 6 to 7% Eurasian ancestry.A.M. was supported by European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant 647787 “LocalAdaptation”; R.P by ERC Starting Grant 263441, “ADNABIOARC”; M.H. by ERC Consolidator Grant 310763 “GeneFlow”; J.B. by the 2014 Research Fund (1.140113.01, 1.140064.01) of UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) and Geromics internal research funding; J.T.S. by ERC Consolidator Grant 617627 “ADaPt”; K.W.A. by NSF award 1027607; D.G.B. by ERC Investigator Grant 295729-CodeX; V.S. by a scholarship from the Gates Cambridge Trust; and M.G.L. by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) DTP studentship. Permission for the archaeology was given by the Ethiopian Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage and offices of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region. Raw reads from Mota are available for download through the National Center for Biotechnology Information, BioProject ID PRJNA295861, and the corresponding BAM and VCF files are available at africangenome.orgThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from AAAS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad287