Fundraising Fundamentals for Physical Education, Recreation and Sport

This article presents a practical glimpse into the exciting and challenging world of fundraising for physical education and sport programs. Suggestions are presented that will aid the reader in selecting an appropriate fund raising project for one\u27s own organization. Potential pitfalls that may be encountered by the teacher and coach involved in fundraising are identified and suggestions are provided as to how to avoid them. Planning is the key to fundraising and the fundraising planning process is broken down into 8 basic steps presented in the form of a template. Prospecting, as an essential element of the fundraising process, is introduced; and, suggestions are made for securing the services of Centers of Influence to aid in the fundraising effort

A primer for administrative/managerial success

vol. 3, no.

The TRIAD Assisting, Advising, and Assessment Model: One Institution's Attempt to Support the Student-Athlete

The Triad Assisting, Advising, and Assessment Model is a multifaceted approach to meeting the needs of young men and women who are placed in the dual roles of college student and athlete. Student-athletes face numerous pressures, on and off campus, both real and perceived. To enable student-athletes to successfully meet these pressures and challenges, the State University of New York, Brockport, has instituted the Triad Model. The model, depicting a methodology of academic, personal, and athletic advising, utilizes an approach which has both traditional and innovative components

Sources of uncertainties in modelling black carbon at the global scale

Our understanding of the global black carbon (BC) cycle is essentially qualitative due to uncertainties in our knowledge of its properties. This work investigates two source of uncertainties in modelling black carbon: those due to the use of different schemes for BC ageing and its removal rate in the global Transport-Chemistry model TM5 and those due to the uncertainties in the definition and quantification of the observations, which propagate through to both the emission inventories, and the measurements used for the model evaluation. The schemes for the atmospheric processing of black carbon that have been tested with the model are (i) a simple approach considering BC as bulk aerosol and a simple treatment of the removal with fixed 70% of in-cloud black carbon concentrations scavenged by clouds and removed when rain is present and (ii) a more complete description of microphysical ageing within an aerosol dynamics model, where removal is coupled to the microphysical properties of the aerosol, which results in a global average of 40% in-cloud black carbon that is scavenged in clouds and subsequently removed by rain, thus resulting in a longer atmospheric lifetime. This difference is reflected in comparisons between both sets of modelled results and the measurements. Close to the sources, both anthropogenic and vegetation fire source regions, the model results do not differ significantly, indicating that the emissions are the prevailing mechanism determining the concentrations and the choice of the aerosol scheme does not influence the levels. In more remote areas such as oceanic and polar regions the differences can be orders of magnitude, due to the differences between the two schemes. The more complete description reproduces the seasonal trend of the black carbon observations in those areas, although not always the magnitude of the signal, while the more simplified approach underestimates black carbon concentrations by orders of magnitude. The sensitivity to wet scavenging has been tested by varying in-cloud and below-cloud removal. BC lifetime increases by 10% when large scale and convective scale precipitation removal efficiency are reduced by 30%, while the variation is very small when below-cloud scavenging is zero. Since the emission inventories are representative of elemental carbon-like substance, the model output should be compared to elemental carbon measurements and if known, the ratio of black carbon to elemental carbon mass should be taken into account when the model is compared with black carbon observation

Beak colour dynamically signals changes in fasting status and parasite loads in king penguins

This research was funded by the French Polar Institute (IPEV–Research Program 119) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS-INEE). Field logistic support was provided by Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises. Q.S. was funded by a doctoral fellowship from the Ministère Français de l’Education Supérieur et de la Recherche. We thank all over-wintering assistants: Benoit Gineste, Sylvia Pardonnet, Laureline Durand, Emilie Lefol and Hédi Saadaoui for field work and Emilio Rojas for helpful discussion on the analyses. We apologize to our stick insect (Carausius morosus) for bearing with VAV’s inquisitive curiosity during our debates on color ornaments in king penguins. We sincerely thank the editor and 2 anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on a previous version of the paper.Peer reviewedPostprin

Influence of future air pollution mitigation strategies on total aerosol radiative forcing

We apply different aerosol and aerosol precursor emission scenarios reflecting possible future control strategies for air pollution in the ECHAM5-HAM model, and simulate the resulting effect on the Earth's radiation budget. We use two opposing future mitigation strategies for the year 2030: one in which emission reduction legislation decided in countries throughout the world are effectively implemented (current legislation; CLE 2030) and one in which all technical options for emission reductions are being implemented independent of their cost (maximum feasible reduction; MFR 2030). We consider the direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols. The total anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere radiation between 2000 and pre-industrial times amounts to -2.00 W/m2. In the future this negative global annual mean aerosol radiative forcing will only slightly change (+0.02 W/m2) under the "current legislation" scenario. Regionally, the effects are much larger: e.g. over Eastern Europe radiative forcing would increase by +1.50 W/m2 because of successful aerosol reduction policies, whereas over South Asia it would decrease by -1.10 W/m2 because of further growth of emissions. A "maximum feasible reduction" of aerosols and their precursors would lead to an increase of the global annual mean aerosol radiative forcing by +1.13 W/m2. Hence, in the latter case, the present day negative anthropogenic aerosol forcing could be more than halved by 2030 because of aerosol reduction policies and climate change thereafter will be to a larger extent be controlled by greenhouse gas emissions. We combined these two opposing future mitigation strategies for a number of experiments focusing on different sectors and regions. In addition, we performed sensitivity studies to estimate the importance of future changes in oxidant concentrations and the importance of the aerosol microphysical coupling within the range of expected future changes. For changes in oxidant concentrations caused by future air pollution mitigation, we do not find a significant effect for the global annual mean radiative aerosol forcing. In the extreme case of only abating SO2 or carbonaceous emissions to a maximum feasible extent, we find deviations from additivity for the radiative forcing over anthropogenic source regions up to 10% compared to an experiment abating both at the same time

Leni Riefenstahl\u27s Olympia : Brilliant Cinematography or Nazi Propaganda?

This article discusses whether or not the documentary on the 1936 Summer Olympic Games entitled Olympia was more than just a very well made sports film, but produced with the purpose of promoting Nazi propaganda for national socialism

Recommended Educational Experiences for High School Athletic Directors (ADs)

A national study of 400 high school principals was conducted to determine their recommendations in terms of the most appropriate informal and formal education (experiences) for would-be high school athletics directors. Specifically, the principals were asked to rate each of 19 items/questions relating to formal or informal education efforts or achievements by means of a 5-point likert scale. A secondary purpose was to ascertain how the respondents rated each of the then proposed sport management core content areas (areas of formal course work), as recommended by the Sport Management Program Review Council. Only two core content areas -- (1) legal aspects of sport and (2) budget and finance in sport -- were deemed to be essential or very important by a majority of 233 respondents (58.25% return). The formal course work that the largest number of principals felt was not very important/irrelevant was research in sport

Preferred Player Characteristics and Skills of Division I Men\u27s Basketball Coaches

A national survey of selected men’s basketball coaches, at the NCAA Division I level, revealed how essential the respondents felt certain work ethic characteristics were for successful basketball players on their team. The respondents also revealed how important specific skills or talents were for the success of men’s NCAA men’s Division I basketball programs. The survey was completed by means of a 36-item Likert scale questionnaire. This investigation determined to what degree NCAA Division I coaches should seek specific work ethic characteristics and physical skills/talents in their players

Necessary Education for the Success of Athletics Directors: NCAA Presidents\u27 Perceptions

Given the many demands placed on the current day athletics director, the necessity of appropriate education has become paramount. Several years ago, Leith (1983) recognized the need for athletic administrators to be competent in a variety of skills. Today, the need for athletics directors to be well versed in multiple job-related skills has become even more apparent. The current status of athletic administration among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) colleges and universities suggest that occupational demands are being placed on sport administrators at an increasing rate (Bradley, 1993; Lea & Loughman 1993; Neilsen, 1990). Copeland and Kirsch (1995) recognized the escalating responsibilities and the inherent demands of contemporary sport in order to maintain competitive programs. It was discovered in a study undertaken by Cleave (1993) that intercollegiate administrators generally perceived their jobs as becoming more complex