In-Game, In-Room, In-World: Reconnecting Video Game Play to the Rest of Kids' Lives

Part of the Volume on the Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning The focus of this chapter is on how young people learn to play video games. We have approached this question ethnographically, studying young people playing in their own homes among friends and family. The primary data analyzed for the chapter are videorecordings of play from two perspectives -- in-game and in-room -- which we synchronized into a single side-by-side video record. By looking at in-room actions along with in-game actions, the chapter expands on a separate worlds view that holds video games as a world apart from the rest of kids' lives. Our case material shows instead how game play is quite tangled up with young people's lives, including relations with siblings and parents, patterns of learning at home and school, as well their own imagined futures. Our analysis also documents a remarkable diversity of what we call learning arrangements that young people create among themselves while playing together

The other side of the coin: harm due to the non-use of health-related data

ABSTRACT Objectives It is widely acknowledged that breaches and misuses of health-related data can have serious implications and consequently they often carry penalties. However, harm due to the omission of health data usage, or data non use, is a subject that lacks attention. A better understanding of this other side of the coin is required before it can be addressed effectively. Approach This article uses an international case study approach to explore why data non use is difficult to ascertain, the sources and types of health-related data non-use, its implications for citizens and society and some of the reasons it occurs. It does this by focussing on issues with clinical care records, research data and governance frameworks and associated examples of non-use. Results The non-use of health-related data is a complex issue with multiple sources and reasons contributing to it. Instances of data non-use can be associated with harm, but taken together they describe a trail of data non-use, and this may complicate and compound its impacts. Actual evidence of data non-use is sparse and harm due to data non use is difficult to prove. But although it can be nebulous, it is a real problem with largely unquantifiable consequences. There is ample indirect evidence that health data non-use is implicated in the deaths of many thousands of people and potentially £billions in financial burdens to societies. Conclusion The most effective initiatives to address specific contexts of data non-use will be those that are cognisant of the multiple aspects to this complex issue, in order to move towards socially responsible reuse of data becoming the norm to save lives and resources

The effect of the General Data Protection Regulation on medical research

Background: The enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will impact on European data science. Particular concerns relating to consent requirements that would severely restrict medical data research have been raised. Objective: Our objective is to explain the changes in data protection laws that apply to medical research and to discuss their potential impact. Methods: Analysis of ethicolegal requirements imposed by the GDPR. Results: The GDPR makes the classification of pseudonymised data as personal data clearer, although it has not been entirely resolved. Biomedical research on personal data where consent has not been obtained must be of substantial public interest. Conclusions: The GDPR introduces protections for data subjects that aim for consistency across the EU. The proposed changes will make little impact on biomedical data research

The Diabetes Primary Prevention Initiative interventions focus area: A case study and recommendations

Background: In 2005, CDC began the Diabetes Primary Prevention Initiative Interventions Focus Area (DPPI-IFA), which funded fıve state Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs (DPCPs) to translate diabetes primary prevention trials into real-world settings by developing and implementing a framework for state-level diabetes primary prevention. Purpose: The purpose of this case study, conducted in 2007, was to describe DPPI-IFA implementation, including facilitators and challenges to the initiative. Methods: Case studies of the fıve DPCPs in the DPPI-IFA involving site visits with key informant interviews of state staff and partners and archival record collection. Results: Partners recruited for DPPI-IFA activities included local or state public health agencies (three of fıve DPCPs); regional or state nonprofıt organizations (fıve DPCPs); businesses or employers (three DPCPs); and healthcare organizations (four DPCPs). The DPCPs implemented a variety of interventions in three main domains: diabetes primary prevention and prediabetes awareness, screening activities and lifestyle interventions, and prediabetes-related health policy efforts. Preliminary outcomes are described at the individual and organization/partnership levels. Results suggest the importance of utilizing preexisting partnerships to extend work into diabetes prevention, providing even small amounts of funding to partners, and prior program planning for diabetes prevention. Challenges for the DPPI-IFA included recruiting participants, establishing links with providers to obtain diagnostic testing for people screened for prediabetes, and offering a lifestyle intervention. Conclusions: The DPPI-IFA represents a unique effort by state public health programs in the translation of diabetes primary prevention trials into real-world settings. The experiences of the DPPI-IFA programs offer valuable lessons for future community-based diabetes prevention initiatives, especially regarding the need to strengthen clinical–community partnerships for referral of people with prediabetes to evidence-based lifestyle programs

Nanosized Zirconium Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Frameworks that Catalyze the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid

Porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (PMOFs) are very appealing electrocatalytic materials, in part, due to their highly porous backbone, well‐defined and dispersed metal active sites, and their long‐range order. Herein a series of (Co)PCN222 (PCN: porous coordination network) (nano)particles with different sizes are successfully prepared by coordination modulation synthesis. These particles exhibit stability in 0.1 m HClO4 electrolyte with no obvious particle size or compositional changes observed after being soaked for 3 days in the electrolyte or during electrocatalysis. This long‐term stability enables the in‐depth investigation into the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction, and it is further demonstrated that the (Co)PCN222 particle size correlates with its catalytic activity. Of the three particle sizes evaluated (characteristic length scales of 200, 500, and 1000 nm), the smallest size demonstrates the highest mass activity while the largest size has the highest surface area normalized activity. Together these results highlight the importance of determining the structural stability of framework catalysts and provide insights into the important roles of particle size, opening new avenues to investigate and improve the electrocatalytic performance of this class of framework material

Autism as a disorder of neural information processing: directions for research and targets for therapy

The broad variation in phenotypes and severities within autism spectrum disorders suggests the involvement of multiple predisposing factors, interacting in complex ways with normal developmental courses and gradients. Identification of these factors, and the common developmental path into which theyfeed, is hampered bythe large degrees of convergence from causal factors to altered brain development, and divergence from abnormal brain development into altered cognition and behaviour. Genetic, neurochemical, neuroimaging and behavioural findings on autism, as well as studies of normal development and of genetic syndromes that share symptoms with autism, offer hypotheses as to the nature of causal factors and their possible effects on the structure and dynamics of neural systems. Such alterations in neural properties may in turn perturb activity-dependent development, giving rise to a complex behavioural syndrome many steps removed from the root causes. Animal models based on genetic, neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioural manipulations offer the possibility of exploring these developmental processes in detail, as do human studies addressing endophenotypes beyond the diagnosis itself

Great Apes' Risk-Taking Strategies in a Decision Making Task

We investigate decision-making behaviour in all four non-human great ape species. Apes chose between a safe and a risky option across trials of varying expected values. All species chose the safe option more often with decreasing probability of success. While all species were risk-seeking, orangutans and chimpanzees chose the risky option more often than gorillas and bonobos. Hence all four species' preferences were ordered in a manner consistent with normative dictates of expected value, but varied predictably in their willingness to take risks