The case study as a methodological resource in the teaching and learning process in the area of ??social sciences with sixth grade students of the Educational Institution Centro de Comercio de Piedecuesta

El método de estudio de caso es una estrategia didáctica para la enseñanza de la Ciencias Sociales probada desde comienzos del siglo XIX, la cual sirve como una herramienta en la que el estudiante tiene la posibilidad de observar, plantear, analizar y argumentar las posibles soluciones al caso presentado. En esta investigación se aborda el estudio de caso como recurso metodológico en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el área de Ciencias Sociales; es una investigación de tipo cualitativo, visto desde un enfoque de investigación-acción aplicada mediante unos procesos educativos desde la práctica docente, la cual se implementó en los estudiantes de sexto grado en la Institución Educativa Centro de Comercio de Piedecuesta (Santander, Colombia). El objetivo principal es implementar la metodología de estudio de caso en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales del grado sexto. Se utiliza como técnica la entrevista semiestructurada para la realización de grupos focales, así como la propuesta de un recurso metodológico basado en el estudio de casos para poner en práctica la teoría propuesta en la investigación. Dentro de los resultados principales se resalta que, en el ejercicio del grupo focal, el recurso metodológico y el marco teórico se logra una secuencia lógica y coherente sobre lo que es un caso proyectado en el área de Ciencias Sociales, específicamente en la historia de la humanidad, donde logran converger una situación con una problemática específica para generar un análisis e intercambio de ideas como recurso educativo en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y que refuerza un aprendizaje significativo a través del fortalecimiento del pensamiento crítico y reflexivo.1. Capítulo I. Planteamiento del problema 11 1.1. Antecedentes 11 1.2. Problema de investigación 15 1.3. Objetivos 17 1.3.1. Objetivo general. 17 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos. 17 1.4. Supuestos cualitativos 18 1.5. Justificación 18 1.6. Limitaciones 20 1.7. Delimitación 21 1.8. Definición de Términos 21 2. Capítulo II. Marco teórico 24 2.1. Antecedentes 24 2.2. Reseña histórica de las Ciencias Sociales 37 2.3. Estudio de caso único como método para el aprendizaje de los conceptos históricos y sociales 41 2.4. El aprendizaje basado en problemas y el método de casos 49 2.5. Marco legal 52 3. Capítulo III. Metodología 55 3.1. Tipo de investigación 55 3.2. Método de investigación 56 3.3. Población, participantes y muestra 62 3.4. Marco contextual 63 3.5. Instrumentos de recolección de datos 65 3.6. Prueba piloto 66 3.7. Procedimiento 67 3.8. Consideraciones éticas 68 4. Capítulo IV. Resultados de la investigación 69 4.1. Encuesta sociodemográfica 69 4.2. Grupos focales 73 4.3. Recurso Metodológico 80 4.4. Triangulación de datos 88 5. Capítulo V. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 95 Referencias Bibliográficas 103 Anexos 109 Currículo Vitae 117MaestríaThe case study method is a didactic strategy for the teaching of Social Sciences tested since the beginning of the 19th century, which serves as a tool in which the student has the possibility to observe, raise, analyze and argue possible solutions to presented case. In this research, the case study is addressed as a methodological resource in the teaching and learning process in the area of Social Sciences; It is a qualitative research, seen from a research-action approach applied through educational processes from the teaching practice, which was implemented in the sixth grade students at the Educational Institution Trade Center of Piedecuesta (Santander, Colombia). The main objective is to implement the methodology of case study in the teaching of Social Sciences of the sixth grade. The semistructured interview for the realization of focus groups is used as a technique, as well as the proposal of a methodological resource based on the case study to put into practice the theory proposed in the research. Within the main results it is highlighted that, in the exercise of the focal group, the methodological resource and the theoretical framework, a logical and coherent sequence is achieved on what is a projected case in the area of Social Sciences, specifically in the history of the humanity, where they manage to converge a situation with a specific problem to generate an analysis and exchange of ideas as an educational resource in the teaching-learning process and that reinforces a significant learning through the strengthening of critical and reflective thinking

European cystic fibrosis bone mineralisation guidelines

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures. This paper presents consensus statements that summarise current knowledge of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CF-related skeletal deficits and provides guidance on its assessment, prevention and treatment. The statements were validated using a modified Delphi methodology

ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR EN TORNO A LA PRÁCTICA DE UN TURISMO ÁCRATA

El propósito de este artículo es exponer y afirmar las posibilidades de investigación, conceptualizacióny creación de un turismo alternativo al hegemónico, de acuerdo con la búsqueda de otras formasde vivir no convencionales. El texto empieza exponiendo algunas consideraciones sobre el aporte delpensamiento ácrata en función tanto de rechazar el dogmatismo como de delinear la perspectiva desdela que se dibuja un horizonte distinto respecto al hombre en sociedad. En seguida, se muestra unaorientación posible para dar sentido a una práctica turística alternativa a la meramente mercantil, encuanto a la recreación de la cultura cosmopolita. Finalmente, se aborda brevemente la relación delturismo con la educación en la vía del pensamiento ácrata respecto a la pregunta por el mañana

Juegos Cooperativos como Propuesta Curricular para la Estimulación de la Inteligencia Emocional con los niños de Ciclo Cuatro del colegio de la Universidad Libre

Esta investigación se realiza con los estudiantes del ciclo 4 (Grados octavo y noveno) del Colegio de la Universidad Libre, ubicado en la localidad de Engativá de la ciudad de Bogotá; busca comprender la inclusión del desarrollo socioemocional en el área de la educación física aportando aprendizajes que son significativos para los alumnos no solo en su desarrollo motriz si no en el desenvolvimiento integral de cada uno en el contexto educativo social. Se proponen los juegos cooperativos como medio en la estructuración del eje socioemocional en el ciclo 4 usando herramientas tales como lo son las vivencias, diarios de campo y material fotográfico que nos llevan a identificar las problemáticas que afectan las clases y así poder brindar aportes significativos que beneficien a los estudiantes en su desarrollo socioemocional. A lo largo de esta investigación realizamos una consulta de fuentes de información tales como proyectos, libros, investigaciones y artículos que han trabajado a fondo la inteligencia socio-emocional, esto con el fin de brindarle al proyecto una sólida fundamentación teórica y claridad conceptual en la tarea de observación de los estudiantes en su desarrollo socio-emocional durante su participación en el en proyecto pedagógico, centrado en los juegos cooperativos (que buscan promover una sana convivencia). La propuesta desarrollada fue objeto de observación y sistematización, desde las categorías teóricas que propone el proyecto macro CRE-SER (Galvis, en prensa).Universidad Libre – Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación – Programa Educación Física, Recreación y deporte

Human spermbots for patient-representative 3D ovarian cancer cell treatment

Cellular micromotors are attractive for locally delivering high concentrations of drug, and targeting hard-to-reach disease sites such as cervical cancer and early ovarian cancer lesions by non-invasive means. Spermatozoa are highly efficient micromotors perfectly adapted to traveling up the female reproductive system. Indeed, bovine sperm-based micromotors have shown potential to carry drugs toward gynecological cancers. However, due to major differences in the molecular make-up of bovine and human sperm, a key translational bottleneck for bringing this technology closer to the clinic is to transfer this concept to human material. Here, we successfully load human sperm with Doxorubicin (DOX) and perform treatment of 3D cervical cancer and patient-representative ovarian cancer cell cultures, resulting in strong anticancer cell effects. Additionally, we define the subcellular localization of the chemotherapeutic drug within human sperm, using high-resolution optical microscopy. We also assess drug effects on sperm motility and viability over time, employing sperm samples from healthy donors as well as assisted reproduction patients. Finally, we demonstrate guidance and release of human drug-loaded sperm onto cancer tissues using magnetic microcaps, and show the sperm microcap loaded with a second anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), which unlike DOX is not suitable for directly loading into sperm due to its hydrophobic nature. This co-drug delivery approach opens up novel targeted combinatorial drug therapies for future applications. © 2020 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Does publication bias inflate the apparent efficacy of psychological treatment for major depressive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis of US national institutes of health-funded trials

Background The efficacy of antidepressant medication has been shown empirically to be overestimated due to publication bias, but this has only been inferred statistically with regard to psychological treatment for depression. We assessed directly the extent of study publication bias in trials examining the efficacy of psychological treatment for depression. Methods and Findings We identified US National Institutes of Health grants awarded to fund randomized clinical trials comparing psychological treatment to control conditions or other treatments in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder for the period 1972–2008, and we determined whether those grants led to publications. For studies that were not published, data were requested from investigators and included in the meta-analyses. Thirteen (23.6%) of the 55 funded grants that began trials did not result in publications, and two others never started. Among comparisons to control conditions, adding unpublished studies (Hedges’ g = 0.20; CI95% -0.11~0.51; k = 6) to published studies (g = 0.52; 0.37~0.68; k = 20) reduced the psychotherapy effect size point estimate (g = 0.39; 0.08~0.70) by 25%. Moreover, these findings may overestimate the "true" effect of psychological treatment for depression as outcome reporting bias could not be examined quantitatively. Conclusion The efficacy of psychological interventions for depression has been overestimated in the published literature, just as it has been for pharmacotherapy. Both are efficacious but not to the extent that the published literature would suggest. Funding agencies and journals should archive both original protocols and raw data from treatment trials to allow the detection and correction of outcome reporting bias. Clinicians, guidelines developers, and decision makers should be aware that the published literature overestimates the effects of the predominant treatments for depression

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead