Effects of severe water stress on partitioning of 14C-assimilates in tomato plants

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Nikita) were grown hydroponically and subjected to severe water stress induced by addition of PEG-6000 to the nutrient solution. The PEG-treatment clearly impaired growth. Leaf photosynthesis decreased during the experiment. Moreover, the decrease in photosynthesis was associated with a decrease in dry weight of the shoot compared to the root. Also leaf area expansion, stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased. Water stress enhanced the transport of 14C-assimilates from the source leaf to the lower parts of the plant where the assimilates were incorporated in the lower stem, the leaves below the source leaf and the roots. It was observed that 14C was much more concentrated in the roots compared to the other plant parts

Molecular Gas in the Powerful Radio Nucleus of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy PKS 1345+12

Millimeter CO(1-0) interferometry and high resolution, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 1.1, 1.6, and 2.2 micron imaging of the radio compact galaxy PKS 1345+12 are presented. With an infrared luminosity of 2x10^{12} L_sun, PKS 1345+12 is a prime candidate for studying the link between the ultraluminous infrared galaxy phenomenon and radio galaxies. These new observations probe the molecular gas distribution and obscured nuclear regions of PKS 1345+12 and provide morphological support for the idea that the radio activity in powerful radio galaxies is triggered by the merger of gas rich galaxies. Two nuclei separated by 2" (4.0 kpc) are observed in the near-infrared; the extended southeastern nucleus has colors consistent with reddened starlight, and the compact northwestern nucleus has extremely red colors indicative of an optical quasar with a warm dust component. Further, the molecular gas, 3mm continuum, and radio emission are coincident with the redder nucleus, confirming that the northwestern nucleus is the site of the AGN and that the molecular gas is the likely fuel source.Comment: LaTex, 5 pages with 1 postscript and 1 jpg figure, ApJ Letters, in press (August 20, 1999

The ISOPHOT-MAMBO survey of 3CR radio sources: Further evidence for the unified schemes

We present the complete set of ISOPHOT observations of 3CR radio galaxies and quasars, which are contained in the ISO Data Archive, providing 75 mid- and far-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) between 5 and 200 micron. For 28 sources they are supplemented with MAMBO 1.2 mm observations and for 15 sources with new submillimetre data from the SCUBA archive. We check the orientation-dependent unified scheme, in which the powerful FR2 narrow line galaxies are quasars viewed at high inclination, so that their nuclei are hidden behind a dust torus intercepting the optical-ultraviolet AGN radiation and reemitting it in the infrared. We find that (1) both the quasars and the galaxies show a high mid- to far-infrared luminosity ratio typical for powerful AGNs and (2) -- when matched in 178 MHz luminosity -- both show the same ratio of isotropic far-infrared to isotropic 178 MHz lobe power. Therefore, from our large sample investigated here we find strong evidence for the orientation-dependent unification of the powerful FR2 galaxies with the quasars.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic

The extragalactic radio-source population at 95 GHz

We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 95GHz to carry out continuum observations of 130 extragalactic radio sources selected from the Australia Telescope 20GHz (AT20G) survey. Over 90% of these sources are detected at 95 GHz, and we use a triple-correlation method to measure simultaneous 20 and 95 GHz flux densities. We show that the ATCA can measure 95GHz flux densities to ~10% accuracy in a few minutes for sources above ~50mJy. The median 20-95GHz spectral index does not vary significantly with flux density for extragalactic sources with S20>150 mJy. This allows us to estimate the extragalactic radio source counts at 95GHz by combining our observed 20-95GHz spectral-index distribution with the accurate 20GHz source counts measured in the AT20G survey. The resulting 95GHz source counts down to 80 mJy are significantly lower than those found by several previous studies. The main reason is that most radio sources with flat or rising spectra in the frequency range 5-20GHz show a spectral turnover between 20 and 95 GHz. As a result, there are fewer 95GHz sources (by almost a factor of two at 0.1 Jy) than would be predicted on the basis of extrapolation from the source populations seen in lower-frequency surveys. We also derive the predicted confusion noise in CMB surveys at 95GHz and find a value 20-30% lower than previous estimates. The 95GHz source population at the flux levels probed by this study is dominated by QSOs with a median redshift z~1. We find a correlation between optical magnitude and 95GHz flux density which suggests that many of the brightest 95 GHz sources are relativistically beamed, with both the optical and millimetre continuum significantly brightened by Doppler boosting.Comment: Replaced with final version (MNRAS, in press), 15 pages plus two landscape data table

Relation between millimeter wavelengths emission and high-energy emission for active galactic nuclei

After comparing the flux densities of a sample of active galactic nuclei detected by energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope at 90 and 230 GHz with the $\gamma$-ray emissions detected by Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and x-ray emission, a strong correlation between the emissions at the millimeter wavelength and the $\gamma$-ray emission is found. The average flux density of x-ray is almost proportional to the average flux density at the millimeter wavelength for quasars detected by energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope, which strongly supports the previous idea that the x-ray emissions of this kind sources are mainly produced by Synchrotron Self-Compton process.Comment: 6 pages, Chinese Physics Letters in pres

A deep UVBRI CCD photometric study of open clusters Tr 1 and Be 11

We present deep $UBVRI$ CCD photometry for the young open star clusters Tr 1 and Be 11. The CCD data for Be 11 is obtained for the first time. The sample consists of $\sim$ 1500 stars reaching down to $V$ $\sim$ 21 mag. Analysis of the radial distribution of stellar surface density indicates that radius values for Tr 1 and Be 11 are 2.3 and 1.5 pc respectively. The interstellar extinction across the face of the imaged clusters region seems to be non-uniform with a mean value of $E(B-V)$ = 0.60$\pm$0.05 and 0.95$\pm$0.05 mag for Tr 1 and Be 11 respectively. A random positional variation of $E(B-V)$ is present in both the clusters. In the cluster Be 11, the reason of random positional variation may be apparent association of the HII region (S 213). The 2MASS $JHK$ data in combination with the optical data in the cluster Be 11 yields $E(J-K)$ = 0.40$\pm$0.20 mag and $E(V-K)$ = 2.20$\pm$0.20 mag. Colour excess diagrams indicate a normal interstellar extinction law in the direction of cluster Be 11. The distances of Tr 1 and Be 11 are estimated as 2.6$\pm$0.10 and 2.2$\pm$0.10 Kpc respectively, while the theoretical stellar evolutionary isochrones fitted to the bright cluster members indicate that the cluster Tr 1 and Be 11 are 40$\pm$10 and 110$\pm$10 Myr old. The mass functions corrected for both field star contamination and data incompleteness are derived for both the clusters. The slopes $1.50\pm0.40$ and $1.22\pm0.24$ for Tr 1 and Be 11 respectively are in agreement with the Salpeter's value. Observed mass segregations in both clusters may be due to the result of dynamical evolutions or imprint of star formation processes or both.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Atmospheric drivers of storage water use in Scots pine

International audienceIn this study we determined the microclimatic drivers of storage water use in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in a temperate climate. The storage water use was modeled using the ANAFORE model, integrating a dynamic water flow and ? storage model with a process-based transpiration model. The model was calibrated and validated with sap flow measurements for the growing season of 2000 (26 May?18 October). Because there was no severe soil drought during the study period, we were able to study atmospheric effects. Incoming radiation was the main driver of storage water use. The general trends of sap flow and storage water use are similar, and follow more or less the pattern of incoming radiation. Nevertheless, considerable differences in the day-to-day pattern of sap flow and storage water use were observed, mainly driven by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). During dry atmospheric conditions (high VPD) storage water use was reduced. This reduction was disproportionally higher than the reduction in measured sap flow. Our results suggest that the trees did not rely more on storage water during periods of atmospheric drought, without severe soil drought. A third important factor was the tree water deficit. When storage compartments were depleted beyond a threshold, storage water use was limited due to the low water potential in the storage compartments. The maximum relative contribution of storage water to daily transpiration was also constrained by an increasing tree water deficit

Multiwaveband Observations of Quasars with Flat Radio Spectra and Strong Millimeter Emission

We present multiwaveband observations of a well selected sample of 28 quasars and two radio galaxies with flat radio spectra and strong millimeter wave emission (referred to here as FSRQ's). The observations include multifrequency VLBI measurements, X-ray observations with ROSAT and submillimeter observations with the JCMT. Particularly interesting among many findings is a correlation between the X-ray to millimeter spectral index and fraction of flux density contained in the VLBI core. This tendency toward higher X-ray fluxes from sources with stronger jet emission implies that the knots in the jet are the prominent source of X-rays.Comment: 38 pages, 17 figures, 12 tables, accepted for publication in Ap J Suppl, May 199

Dust emission from 3C radio galaxies and quasars: New ISO observations favour the unified scheme

In order to test the unified scheme for luminous radio galaxies and quasars we observed 10 galaxy/quasar pairs from the 3CR catalogue with ISOPHOT at infrared wavelengths between 5 and 180 micron. Each pair was selected such that both the 178 MHz luminosity and the redshift match as close as possible between the radio galaxy and the quasar in order to minimize effects of cosmic evolution. 13 of the 20 sources were detected in at least one waveband. 12 sources show clear evidence of a thermal bump at FIR wavelength, while in the remaining 7 sources the upper limits are still compatible with the presence of luminous dust emission. In agreement with the predictions of the unified scheme, the quasars and galaxies in our sample cannot be distinguished by their observed mid- and far-infrared properties. This is in contrast to the IRAS results which indicated that radio galaxies radiate significantly less mid- to far-infrared emission than quasars. However, the IRAS samples are dominated by low-redshift sources (z < 0.5), while our sample contains several of the most luminous radio galaxies at redshift z ~ 1. The latter have already been suspected to contain a hidden quasar for other reasons, e.g. an extended emission line region aligned with the radio axis. From the ratio between FIR luminosity emitted by dust and the radio power at 178 MHz, we conclude that the radio galaxy/quasar unification might be perfectly valid for the most luminous 3C sources at high redshift (z > 0.8). At lower redshifts (z < 0.5), however, some of the FRII radio galaxies contain active nuclei which emit less UV-optical continuum than the quasars of similar radio power. (abrigded)Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, Late

Towards a mechanistic understanding of linguistic diversity

Our species displays remarkable linguistic diversity. While the uneven distribution of this diversity demands explanation, the drivers of these patterns have not been conclusively determined. We address this issue in two steps. First, we review previous empirical studies that have suggested environmental, geographical, and socio-cultural drivers of linguistic diversification. However, contradictory results and methodological variation make it difficult to draw general conclusions. Second, we outline a program for future research. We suggest that future analyses should account for interactions among causal factors, lack of spatial and phylogenetic independence of data, and transitory patterns. Recent analytical advances in biogeography and evolutionary biology, such as simulation modeling of diversity patterns, hold promise for testing four key mechanisms of language diversification proposed here: neutral change, population movement, contact, and selection. Future modeling approaches should also evaluate how the outcomes of these processes are influenced by demography, environmental heterogeneity, and time