Claremont I and II - Were They Rightly Decided, and Where Have They Left Us?

[Excerpt] “Our children embody the enduring wonder of life. They hold our hopes for the future. We want them to be happy, to succeed in whatever they do both in work and in play. We want them to contribute to our country and the world in constructive ways. But for these hopes to be realized our children must be educated-they must possess the requisite skills and knowledge to function well in this ever changing world. Yet, are we, as a society, meeting our responsibility to educate our children? What do we expect of our public schools? How important are these schools to us? Is a public education fit for the times guaranteed as a constitutional matter? These questions loomed large in the New Hampshire Supreme Court\u27s decisions in Claremont I and Claremont II, issued respectively in 1993 and 1997. Constituting New Hampshire\u27s core education rulings, they are among the Court\u27s most controversial exercises of constitutional jurisprudence. […] This article concludes that the New Hampshire Supreme Court correctly determined in Claremont I that Article 83 established enforceable positive constitutional rights for the provision and funding of an adequate public education. The Court acted properly in recognizing that the judiciary had an important role to play to assure these important constitutional rights. Claremont I properly upheld the State\u27s constitutional obligation to accord the State\u27s public school children with access to an education that would at all times enable them to be good citizens productive in their work. The decision also reflected proper regard for the prerogatives of the elected branches by leaving to them, at least initially, the development of an operational definition of adequacy in education, along with the responsibility to fashion the appropriate means to provide for it. The Claremont II decision, however, does not earn like approbation. It fails to stand up strongly as a tax ruling. It does not constitute a good appellate review of the other Superior Court rulings against the petitioners. The Court majority, after issuing its decision, deferred to the elected branches to give them time to fashion a remedy. Its decision, however, was not well received, or easily accepted, by many in the Legislature. Only after much resistance and much delay did the elected branches manage to put in place certain educational adequacy /funding reforms. Whatever their merits or flaws, this article sees these two decisions as having importantly and positively impacted New Hampshire\u27s public education system. The decisions had a good deal to do with ushering in needed reforms, so that the education system now operates with a specific definition for a constitutionally adequate education, regular assessment and accountability tools, and a costing out of adequacy linked to associated funding. The decisions have thus better positioned the public education system to meet the challenges of the future.

Una victoria pírrica en el México posrevolucionario: los finqueros alemanes, las escuelas Artículo 123 y la formación del Estado en la costa de Chiapas, 1934-1942

Article 123 of Mexico’s 1917 Constitution stipulated that landowners bore the responsibility of educating the school-aged children of their workers. In 1934, the Ministry of Public Education endorsed socialist education, which required Article 123 teachers to promote agrarian and labor reforms on Chiapas’s coffee plantations. The planters, many of whom were of German origin, successfully undermined the Article 123 schools but were targeted first by the Cardenista agrarian reform of 1939 and later by the seizure of their properties during World War II. In other words, they won their battle against the SEP but ultimately lost the war to the emerging Mexican nation-state.Según el Artículo 123 de la Constitución de 1917, los propietarios mexicanos estaban obligados a pagar la educación de los hijos de sus trabajadores. En 1934, la adopción de la educación socialista por parte de la Secretaría de Educación Pública comprometió a los maestros a promover las reformas agraria y laboral en las fincas cafetaleras chiapanecas. Los finqueros, muchos de origen alemán, lograron ir estorbando las “escuelas Artículo 123”, pero se vieron afectados por la reforma agraria en 1939 y por el secuestro de sus fincas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En otras palabras, ganaron su batalla contra la SEP, pero perdieron finalmente la guerra contra el Estado-nación mexicano emergente

INTIMATE ENEMIES: LANDOWNERS, POWER, AND VIOLENCE IN CHIAPAS ENEMIGOS ÍNTIMOS: TERRATENIENTES, PODER Y VIOLENCIA EN CHIAPAS AARÓN BOBROW-STRAIN

INTIMATE ENEMIES: LANDOWNERS, POWER, AND VIOLENCE IN CHIAPAS ENEMIGOS ÍNTIMOS: TERRATENIENTES, PODER Y VIOLENCIA EN CHIAPAS AARÓN BOBROW-STRAIN DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS, DURHAM, 2007 por Stephen E. Lewi

"Philosopher d'une manière 'mariale': Alentour du verset: Petite phénoménologie des Mystères de Marie-Aimée Manchon"

A review article focused on phenomenological method and Christian thought in Marie-Aimée Manchon's book _Alentour du verses: Petite phénoménologie des Mystère_ (Ad Solem, 2019)

The atmospheric circulation and dust activity in different orbital epochs on Mars

A general circulation model is used to evaluate changes to the circulation and dust transport in the martian atmosphere for a range of past orbital conditions. A dust transport scheme, including parameterized dust lifting, is incorporated within the model to enable passive or radiatively active dust transport. The focus is on changes which relate to surface features, as these may potentially be verified by observations. Obliquity variations have the largest impact, as they affect the latitudinal distribution of solar heating. At low obliquities permanent CO2 ice caps form at both poles, lowering mean surface pressures. At higher obliquities, solar insolation peaks at higher summer latitudes near solstice, producing a stronger, broader meridional circulation and a larger seasonal CO2 ice cap in winter. Near-surface winds associated with the main meridional circulation intensify and extend polewards, with changes in cap edge position also affecting the flow. Hence the model predicts significant changes in surface wind directions as well as magnitudes. Dust lifting by wind stress increases with obliquity as the meridional circulation and associated near-surface winds strengthen. If active dust transport is used, then lifting rates increase further in response to the larger atmospheric dust opacities (hence circulation) produced. Dust lifting by dust devils increases more gradually with obliquity, having a weaker link to the meridional circulation. The primary effect of varying eccentricity is to change the impact of varying the areocentric longitude of perihelion, l, which determines when the solar forcing is strongest. The atmospheric circulation is stronger when l aligns with solstice rather than equinox, and there is also a bias from the martian topography, resulting in the strongest circulations when perihelion is at northern winter solstice. Net dust accumulation depends on both lifting and deposition. Dust which has been well mixed within the atmosphere is deposited preferentially over high topography. For wind stress lifting, the combination produces peak net removal within western boundary currents and southern midlatitude bands, and net accumulation concentrated in Arabia and Tharsis. In active dust transport experiments, dust is also scoured from northern midlatitudes during winter, further confining peak accumulation to equatorial regions. As obliquity increases, polar accumulation rates increase for wind stress lifting and are largest for high eccentricities when perihelion occurs during northern winter. For dust devil lifting, polar accumulation rates increase (though less rapidly) with obliquity above o=25°, but increase with decreasing obliquity below this, thus polar dust accumulation at low obliquities may be increasingly due to dust lifted by dust devils. For all cases discussed, the pole receiving most dust shifts from north to south as obliquity is increased

HB 69 Grocery Investment Program and Fund

In the 2018 session of the Virginia General Assembly, multiple pieces of legislation were brought to committee, proposing the creation of a fund to catalyze public-private partnerships to expand access to Virginians residing in food deserts. Through the creation of the fund, underserved communities would see the construction, rehabilitation and expansion of food retailers in their communities ameliorate food desserts

Modeling the Martian dust cycle 1. Representations of dust transport processes

A dust transport scheme has been developed for a general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere. This enables radiatively active dust transport, with the atmospheric state responding to changes in the dust distribution via atmospheric heating, as well as dust transport being determined by atmospheric conditions. The scheme includes dust lifting, advection by model winds, atmospheric mixing, and gravitational sedimentation. Parameterizations of lifting initiated by (1) near-surface wind stress and (2) convective vortices known as dust devils are considered. Two parameterizations are defined for each mechanism and are first investigated offline using data previously output from the non-dust-transporting model. The threshold-insensitive parameterizations predict some lifting over most regions, varying smoothly in space and time. The threshold-sensitive parameterizations predict lifting only during extreme atmospheric conditions (such as exceptionally strong winds), so lifting is rarer and more confined to specific regions and times. Wind stress lifting is predicted to peak during southern summer, largely between latitudes 15° and 35°S, with maxima also in regions of strong slope winds or thermal contrast flows. These areas are consistent with observed storm onset regions and dark streak surface features. Dust devil lifting is also predicted to peak during southern summer, with a moderate peak during northern summer. The greatest dust devil lifting occurs in early afternoon, particularly in the Noachis, Arcadia/Amazonis, Sirenum, and Thaumasia regions. Radiatively active dust transport experiments reveal strong positive feedbacks on lifting by near-surface wind stress and negative feedbacks on lifting by dust devils

Child exposure to parental violence and psychological distress associated with delayed milestones

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between parental report of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental psychological distress (PPD) with child attainment of developmental milestones. METHODS: By using data collected from a large cohort of primary care patients, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between parental report of IPV and/or PPD and the attainment of developmental milestones within the first 72 months of a child's life. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for parental report of child abuse concern and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Our study population included 16 595 subjects. Children of parents reporting both IPV and PPD (n = 88; 0.5%) were more likely to fail at least 1 milestone across the following developmental domains: language (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-3.3), personal-social (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9), and gross motor (aOR 3.0; 95% CI 1.8-5.0). Significant associations for those reporting IPV-only (n = 331; 2.0%) were found for language (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.9), personal-social (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4-2.2), and fine motor-adaptive (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.7). Significant associations for those reporting PPD-only (n = 1920; 11.6%) were found for: language (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.7), personal-social (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.5-1.8), gross motor (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and fine-motor adaptive (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Screening children for IPV and PPD helps identify those at risk for poor developmental outcomes who may benefit from early intervention