CEPS Task Force on Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity Technology, Governance and Policy Challenges Task Force Evaluation of the HLEG Trustworthy AI Assessment List (Pilot Version). CEPS Task Force Report 22 January 2020

The Centre for European Policy Studies launched a Task Force on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Cybersecurity in September 2019. The goal of this Task Force is to bring attention to the market, technical, ethical and governance challenges posed by the intersection of AI and cybersecurity, focusing both on AI for cybersecurity but also cybersecurity for AI. The Task Force is multi-stakeholder by design and composed of academics, industry players from various sectors, policymakers and civil society. The Task Force is currently discussing issues such as the state and evolution of the application of AI in cybersecurity and cybersecurity for AI; the debate on the role that AI could play in the dynamics between cyber attackers and defenders; the increasing need for sharing information on threats and how to deal with the vulnerabilities of AI-enabled systems; options for policy experimentation; and possible EU policy measures to ease the adoption of AI in cybersecurity in Europe. As part of such activities, this report aims at assessing the High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) on AI Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, presented on April 8, 2019. In particular, this report analyses and makes suggestions on the Trustworthy AI Assessment List (Pilot version), a non-exhaustive list aimed at helping the public and the private sector in operationalising Trustworthy AI. The list is composed of 131 items that are supposed to guide AI designers and developers throughout the process of design, development, and deployment of AI, although not intended as guidance to ensure compliance with the applicable laws. The list is in its piloting phase and is currently undergoing a revision that will be finalised in early 2020. This report would like to contribute to this revision by addressing in particular the interplay between AI and cybersecurity. This evaluation has been made according to specific criteria: whether and how the items of the Assessment List refer to existing legislation (e.g. GDPR, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights); whether they refer to moral principles (but not laws); whether they consider that AI attacks are fundamentally different from traditional cyberattacks; whether they are compatible with different risk levels; whether they are flexible enough in terms of clear/easy measurement, implementation by AI developers and SMEs; and overall, whether they are likely to create obstacles for the industry. The HLEG is a diverse group, with more than 50 members representing different stakeholders, such as think tanks, academia, EU Agencies, civil society, and industry, who were given the difficult task of producing a simple checklist for a complex issue. The public engagement exercise looks successful overall in that more than 450 stakeholders have signed in and are contributing to the process. The next sections of this report present the items listed by the HLEG followed by the analysis and suggestions raised by the Task Force (see list of the members of the Task Force in Annex 1)

Formation of cell masses in the myelencephalon of the clawed frog, Xenopus muelleri

An important process in the organization of developing nervous system is the clustering of neurons with similar properties to form nuclei. The development of myelencephalon of Xenopus muelleri, a pipid frog that retains a lateral line system throughout life, was studied in Nissl stained serial sections. The results showed that density of neurons increases as the animal develops. Cell  masses were formed in the latter half of larval stages (stage 48 to 59). Large neurons migrate first before small neurons. Raphes and reticular formation nuclei and Mauthner cells were the earliest neurons that could be distinctly recognized on the ventral part of the myelencephalon. By stage 54 out of 66 stages, the structure of the myelencephalon resembled that of the adult frogs

Alien Registration- Stephano, Peter (Portland, Cumberland County)

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Apertura de un solsticio

Era un día maravilloso, como todos los días; había llovido y estaba un poco opaco, como si las emociones ocultaran el sol radiante. Me encontraba en un taller sobre trabajo individual, las personas estaban tensas y preocupadas. Recuerdo que comenzamos hablar sobre el papel del médico en nuestra sociedad. Hablamos de la comunicación médico-paciente. Escuchaba lo que decían mis compañeros y pensaba: Esto es lo que especula la mayoría de la población. Prestaba atención y con paciencia analizaba aquellos sonidos que transformaba en un mapa mental: El médico tiene que comportarse de una manera. el médico tiene que actuar de esta forma. el médico tiene que hablar de esta manera. Todos muy ciertos; sin embargo, ese “tiene” me retumbaba en la cabeza. Podríamos cambiar la semántica de aquellas frases e incluir nuevas perspectivas sin hacer sesgos. Estoy muy consciente de lo que eso significa

Alien Registration- Stephano, Peter (Portland, Cumberland County)

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Always watchful of your arrival and departure, baggage handlers wait to serve you how baggage handling in an airport can entail in biomechanical risks

Baggage handling is a high risk job that presents awkward postures, overexertion and repetition in their activities. Ergonomic studies have used biomechanical and psychophysical approaches to evaluate the level of risk of MSDs in baggage handlers. Most of the studies target the activities in the aircraft baggage compartment. The objective of this study was to determine the risk level of MSDs in baggage handlers of the Quito airport through the application of biomechanical risk factors identification tools, in order to propose control strategies that could reduce the mentioned risk. The study analyzed the manual handling activities performed in the baggage tunnel. Four activities were identified and 95 baggage handlers of the Quito airport were evaluated using the RULA. Also, the Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift (MAWL) was applied to determine the lift capacity of baggage handlers in the Quito airport. The RULA analysis determined a total score of 7, Action Level 4, for each of the activities evaluated, for the 100% of the baggage handlers. The activities performed by TAME and ANDES were found to be equal, but their lifting frequencies were not. On the other hand, the MAWL for the population of male baggage handlers in the Quito airport was determined to be 7 kg, which compared to the actual average weight of the bags lifted is much lower. Therefore, this study determined that baggage handling activities performed in the baggage tunnel present a high risk of developing an upper MSD, and work conditions should be changed immediately. Finally, administrative and engineering controls were proposed in order to reduce the biomechanical risk level that result from baggage handling activities

Modeling shear stress distribution in a deformable airway tree

International audienceThe interaction between air and mucus in the bronchial tree can play an important role on mucus transport at high ventilation regimes, such in exercise, chest physiotherapy or cough. In order to improve our understanding of this interaction , we analysed with modelling approaches the distribution of shear stress in airway trees during expiration. We use models with the minimal possible complexity in order to keep the models tractable and in order to identify the driving phenomena. We explore how the shear stress induced by air can overcome mucus typical yield stress and how it might be distributed in the tree. Our models allow to highlight several behaviors, and show that both tree structure and bronchi deformation play a crucial role in the way mucus is affected by air. In particular, we determined, in the limit of our models , that the shear stress distribution exhibits a bell-like profile along the tree whose properties are directly related to lung's geometry, tissue pressure and to the amount of air flow