363 research outputs found
The Change in Attitudes Towards Abortion in Former West and East Germany After Reunification: a Latent Class Analysis and Implications for Abortion Access
Einleitung: Der rechtliche Status des Schwangerschaftsabbruchs in den Regionen der frĂŒheren DDR hat sich nach der Wiedervereinigung und der Ăbernahme der restriktiveren westdeutschen Politik geĂ€ndert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen dieser VerĂ€nderungen auf die Einstellungen zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch und die Implikationen fĂŒr die damit verbundene Gesundheitsversorgung in Ost- und Westdeutschland zu untersuchen.
Material und Methoden: Der Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften aus den Jahren 1992, 1996, 2000, 2006 und 2012 (Nâ=â14â459) wurden bundesweit reprĂ€sentative Daten ĂŒber das AusmaĂ der öffentlichen UnterstĂŒtzung fĂŒr den legalen Zugang zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch entnommen. Basierend auf der Anzahl der vorhandenen Einrichtungen, die SchwangerschaftsabbrĂŒche vornehmen, und dem Anteil der Frauen, die fĂŒr einen Schwangerschaftsabbruch in ein anderes Bundesland reisten, wurden pro Bundesland 2 Indikatoren kalkuliert, welche die EinschrĂ€nkungen beim Zugang zur Versorgung bei SchwangerschaftsabbrĂŒchen darstellen sollten. Die Daten wurden mittels der latenten Klassenanalyse analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Einstellungen zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch in 3 unterschiedliche Untergruppen unterteilt werden können: 1) Der Zugang zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch wird, ungeachtet der GrĂŒnde der betroffenen Frauen, unterstĂŒtzt; 2) Der Zugang zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch wird unterstĂŒtzt, wenn der Schwangerschaftsabbruch mit einem mĂŒtterlichen oder fetalen Gesundheitsrisiko begrĂŒndet wird, nicht aber, wenn er aus sozioökonomischen GrĂŒnden (z.âB. finanzielle EinschrĂ€nkungen) durchgefĂŒhrt wird; und 3) der Zugang zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch wird generell nicht unterstĂŒtzt. Die GröĂe der jeweiligen Untergruppen, die eine teilweise oder gĂ€nzliche EinschrĂ€nkung des Zugangs zum Schwangerschaftsabbruchs befĂŒrworten, ist im Laufe des untersuchten Studienzeitraums in beiden Regionen angestiegen und diese Tendenz war nicht auf VerĂ€nderungen in den soziodemografischen Merkmale zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren. Befragte, die in BundeslĂ€ndern lebten, wo der Zugang zur Versorgung bei SchwangerschaftsabbrĂŒchen mit gröĂeren HĂŒrden verbunden war, neigten eher zu restriktiveren Einstellungen zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch. Schlussfolgerung: Die negativen Einstellungen zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch sind in West- und Ostdeutschland in den 2 Jahrzehnten seit der Wiedervereinigung angestiegen. Das kann sich auf Frauen nachteilig auswirken, wenn die allgemeine Akzeptanz der Versorgung und der Zugang zur Versorgung bei SchwangerschaftsabbrĂŒchen sinkt. Politische MaĂnahmen, der öffentliche Diskurs und die Integration von SchwangerschaftsabbrĂŒchen in die Gesundheitsversorgung sollten sich nach den internationalen Richtlinien zum Schutz von Frauengesundheit und Frauenrechten richten.Introduction: The legal status of abortion has changed in the regions of former East Germany after reunification due to the adoption of restrictive West German abortion policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on attitudes towards abortion and the associated health care implications in Western and Eastern Germany. Materials and Methods: Nationally representative data on public support for legally restricting abortion access were taken from the German General Social Survey and included the surveys 1992, 1996, 2000, 2006 and 2012 (Nâ=â14â459). Two indicators of barriers to access to abortion care were calculated for each federal state, based on the number of abortion facilities and the proportion of women seeking abortion outside their state of residency. Data were analysed using latent class analysis. Results: Results suggested that abortion attitudes could be classified into three distinct subgroups: 1) support for abortion access independent of womenÊŒs reason; 2) support on the basis of maternal or foetal health reasons but not for socio-economic reasons (e.g. financial restrictions); and 3) no support. The size of subgroups in favour of partial or complete restriction on abortion access increased in both regions over the study period and this trend could not be explained by changes in socio-demographic characteristics. Respondents living in a federal state with more barriers to access to abortion care were more likely to hold restrictive abortion attitudes. Conclusion: Negative attitudes towards abortion have increased in Western and Eastern Germany during the two decades following reunification and may harm women by limiting acceptability and accessibility of abortion care. Abortion policies, public discourse and provision of abortion care should be informed by international guidelines protecting womenÊŒs health and rights
Impulsive aggressiveness of pregnant women affects the development of the fetal heart
Mounting evidence indicates that the development of the fetus is heavily
influenced by the intra-uterine milieu during pregnancy, and that such
influence may have life-long consequences for the individual. The intra-
uterine milieu is not only influenced by nutritional factors, but also by
maternal endocrine and autonomic activity. Such activity is prone to be
affected by an individual's personality, but only little is known about
influences of maternal personality on the development of the fetus. We tested
pregnant women for their propensity for impulsive, uncontrollable outbursts of
temper (referred to here as moderate Intermittent Explosive Disorder, mIED).
After the women gave birth, we measured electrocardiograms (ECGs) from their
newborn infants to compare ECGs between newborns of women with and without
mIED. The data show that infants of women with mIED have larger QRS complexes
in the electrocardiogram, and lower heart rate variability, compared to
infants of women without mIED. These results reveal effects of maternal mIED
on the fetal heart development. These effects may predispose the individual to
increased risk for later cardio-vascular disease. The findings open
perspectives for better risk prevention models for the unborn child
Influence of Li-stoichiometry on electrical and acoustic properties and temperature stability of Li(Nb,Ta)O solid solutions up to 900 {\deg}C
The current work is focused on the impact of the lithium stoichiometry on
electrical conductivity, acoustic properties and high-temperature stability of
single crystalline Li(Nb,Ta)O at high temperatures. The crystals grown
from Li-deficient melts were treated by the vapor transport equilibration (VTE)
method, achieving near stoichiometric Li-content. It is shown, that the
VTE-treated specimens generally exhibit lower conductivity at temperatures
below 800 {\deg}C, which is attributed to the reduced number of Li-vacancies in
near stoichiometric Li(Nb,Ta)O, provided that the Li-ion migration
dominates the conductivity in this temperature range. Further, it is shown,
that above 600-650 {\deg}C different mechanism increasingly contributes to the
conductivity, which is consequently attributed to the electronic conduction.
Further, it is shown that losses in LNT strongly increase above about 500
{\deg}C, which is interpreted to originate from conductivity-related relaxation
mechanism. Finally, the thermal stability of Li(Nb,Ta)O is evaluated by
the measurement of the conductivity and resonance frequency as a function of
time. It is found that during annealing at 700 {\deg}C for 350 hours, the
resonance frequency of LiNbO remains in a {\textpm} 100 ppm range of the
initial value of 3.5 MHz.Comment: Submitted to Physica Status Solidi A: Applications and Materials
Science on 21st December 202
Pitfalls of Professionalism? Military Academies and Coup Risk
Military academies tend to be strongly linked to the professionalization of the armed forces. This explains why many countries in the world have created such institutions. The following article studies a potential negative externality stemming from military schools: increased coup risk. We argue that military academies may create, inculcate, and strengthen cohesive views that could conflict with incumbent policies, and that these schools establish networks among military officers that may facilitate coordination necessary for plotting a putsch. We also contend and empirically demonstrate that these negative side effects of military academies are in particular pronounced in nondemocracies, that is, military academies have diverse effects across regime types. This work has significant implications for our understanding civilâmilitary relations. Furthermore, we contribute to the literature on military education and professionalization, as we suggest that military academies are important vehicles through which coups can emerge predominantly in authoritarian states
Recent Status New Superconducting CW Heavy Ion LINAC@GSI
The demonstrator is a prototype of the first section of the proposed cw-LINAC@GSI, comprising a superconducting CH-cavity embedded by two superconducting solenoids. The sc CH-structure is the key component and offers a variety of research and development. The beam focusing solenoids provide maximum fields of 9.3 T at an overall length of 380 mm and a free beam aperture of 30 mm. The magnetic induction of the fringe is minimized to 50 mT at the inner NbTi-surface of the neighboring cavity. The fabrication of the key components is still in progress and is near to completion. After cold performance testing of the RF cavity, the helium jacket will be welded on. The cryostat is partly assembled and will be finished in the next weeks. The test environment is completely prepared. Advanced emittance measurement is foreseen to prepare for best matching of the heavy ion beam from the injector. Integration of the cryostat into the beam line, the first cool down of the module and commissioning of the RF elements will be performed as next steps towards a complete testing of the demonstrator
Investigations of LiNb1âxTaxO3 nanopowders obtained with mechanochemical method
Nanocrystalline compounds LiNb1âxTaxO3 of various compositions (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were synthesized by high-energy ball milling of the initial materials (Li2CO3, Nb2O5, Ta2O5) and subsequent high-temperature annealing of the resulting powders. Data on the phase composition of the nanopowders were obtained by X-ray diffraction methods, and the dependence of the structural parameters of LiNb1âxTaxO3 compounds on the value of x was established. As a result of the experiments, the optimal parameters of the milling and annealing runs were determined, which made it possible to obtain single-phase compounds. The Raman scattering spectra of LiNb1âxTaxO3 compounds (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) have been investigated. Preliminary experiments have been carried out to study the temperature dependences of their electrical conductivit
Protocol for the phase 2 EDELIFE trial investigating the efficacy and safety of intra-amniotic ER004 administration to male subjects with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) is a rare genetic disorder characte-rised by abnormal development of the skin and its appendages, such as hair and sweat glands, the teeth, and mucous glands of the airways, resulting in serious, sometimes life-threatening complications like hyperthermia or recurrent respiratory infections. It is caused by pathogenic variants of the ectodysplasin A gene
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