Utvikling av maskinkontroller til CNC-fres

Motivasjonen for oppgaven var å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin for å kunne frese ut deler ved bruk av datamaskinstøttet design. Arbeidet i bacheloroppgaven har gått ut på å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin. Rapporten innebærer fremgangsmåte på hvordan en maskinkontroller lages. Det innebærer design, kobling av ledninger og komponenter, endebrytere, stegmotorer og brukergrensesnitt. Vi sammenligner maskin- kontrolleren og brukergrensesnitt med en åpen kilde-programvare GRBL. Den benyttes som maskinkontroller med UGS som brukergrensesnitt. CNC-maskinen er satt sammen av blant annet 3D-printede deler, stegmotorer med drivere og elektronisk utstyr som nødstopp, aluminiumsprofiler, gjengestenger og plattform. De elektriske forbindelsene er organisert i et elektrisk panel for å holde det ryddig og oversiktlig. Maskinen styres med vår egen maskinkontroller og eget brukergrensesnitt. Ved å kjøre brukergrensesnittet fra Raspberry Pi med Arduino Uno via seriekommunikasjon, kan vi oversette G-kode til motorkommandoer. G-koden produseres i Fusion 360. Resultatet er en forenklet maskinkontroller inspirert av GRBL. Maskinkontrolleren kan bevege et verktøy fritt innenfor et arbeidsområde. Resultatet er at vi kan bruke maskinkontrolleren til å tegne alle typer 2D-figurer som sirkler, diagonaler og firkanter på papir.The objective of this project was to develop a custom machine controller for a CNC machine, specifically designed for woodworking, in order to manufacture unique parts using computer-aided design. The work in this bachelor's thesis has consisted of creating a machine controller for a CNC machine. The report includes steps on how a machine controller is made. It involves design, connection of components in an electrical panel, setup of limit switches, stepper motors and user interface. We compare our machine controller and user interface with open software GRBL for Arduino as machine controller and UGS as user interface. The CNC machine is assembled from, among other things, 3D printed parts, stepper motors with necessary drivers and other electronic equipment, emergency stop, aluminum profiles, threaded rods and a platform. The connections are placed in an electrical panel with a wiring diagram to keep it tidy and clear. The machine is controlled by our own machine controller, which we call "Maskinkontrolleren" and the user interface "Brukergrensesnittet". By running the user interface from Raspberry Pi or a laptop connected with Arduino via USB, we can translate G-code into motor commands and moving tools in the work area. G-code is produced in computer-aided design using Fusion 360. The result was a simplified machine controller inspired by GRBL. The machine controller can move freely within the work area and can draw all types of 2D figures such as circles, diagonals and squares on paper

Utvikling av maskinkontroller til CNC-fres

Motivasjonen for oppgaven var å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin for å kunne frese ut deler ved bruk av datamaskinstøttet design. Arbeidet i bacheloroppgaven har gått ut på å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin. Rapporten innebærer fremgangsmåte på hvordan en maskinkontroller lages. Det innebærer design, kobling av ledninger og komponenter, endebrytere, stegmotorer og brukergrensesnitt. Vi sammenligner maskin- kontrolleren og brukergrensesnitt med en åpen kilde-programvare GRBL. Den benyttes som maskinkontroller med UGS som brukergrensesnitt. CNC-maskinen er satt sammen av blant annet 3D-printede deler, stegmotorer med drivere og elektronisk utstyr som nødstopp, aluminiumsprofiler, gjengestenger og plattform. De elektriske forbindelsene er organisert i et elektrisk panel for å holde det ryddig og oversiktlig. Maskinen styres med vår egen maskinkontroller og eget brukergrensesnitt. Ved å kjøre brukergrensesnittet fra Raspberry Pi med Arduino Uno via seriekommunikasjon, kan vi oversette G-kode til motorkommandoer. G-koden produseres i Fusion 360. Resultatet er en forenklet maskinkontroller inspirert av GRBL. Maskinkontrolleren kan bevege et verktøy fritt innenfor et arbeidsområde. Resultatet er at vi kan bruke maskinkontrolleren til å tegne alle typer 2D-figurer som sirkler, diagonaler og firkanter på papir.The objective of this project was to develop a custom machine controller for a CNC machine, specifically designed for woodworking, in order to manufacture unique parts using computer-aided design. The work in this bachelor's thesis has consisted of creating a machine controller for a CNC machine. The report includes steps on how a machine controller is made. It involves design, connection of components in an electrical panel, setup of limit switches, stepper motors and user interface. We compare our machine controller and user interface with open software GRBL for Arduino as machine controller and UGS as user interface. The CNC machine is assembled from, among other things, 3D printed parts, stepper motors with necessary drivers and other electronic equipment, emergency stop, aluminum profiles, threaded rods and a platform. The connections are placed in an electrical panel with a wiring diagram to keep it tidy and clear. The machine is controlled by our own machine controller, which we call "Maskinkontrolleren" and the user interface "Brukergrensesnittet". By running the user interface from Raspberry Pi or a laptop connected with Arduino via USB, we can translate G-code into motor commands and moving tools in the work area. G-code is produced in computer-aided design using Fusion 360. The result was a simplified machine controller inspired by GRBL. The machine controller can move freely within the work area and can draw all types of 2D figures such as circles, diagonals and squares on paper

Utvikling av maskinkontroller til CNC-fres

Motivasjonen for oppgaven var å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin for å kunne frese ut deler ved bruk av datamaskinstøttet design. Arbeidet i bacheloroppgaven har gått ut på å lage en maskinkontroller til en CNC-maskin. Rapporten innebærer fremgangsmåte på hvordan en maskinkontroller lages. Det innebærer design, kobling av ledninger og komponenter, endebrytere, stegmotorer og brukergrensesnitt. Vi sammenligner maskin- kontrolleren og brukergrensesnitt med en åpen kilde-programvare GRBL. Den benyttes som maskinkontroller med UGS som brukergrensesnitt. CNC-maskinen er satt sammen av blant annet 3D-printede deler, stegmotorer med drivere og elektronisk utstyr som nødstopp, aluminiumsprofiler, gjengestenger og plattform. De elektriske forbindelsene er organisert i et elektrisk panel for å holde det ryddig og oversiktlig. Maskinen styres med vår egen maskinkontroller og eget brukergrensesnitt. Ved å kjøre brukergrensesnittet fra Raspberry Pi med Arduino Uno via seriekommunikasjon, kan vi oversette G-kode til motorkommandoer. G-koden produseres i Fusion 360. Resultatet er en forenklet maskinkontroller inspirert av GRBL. Maskinkontrolleren kan bevege et verktøy fritt innenfor et arbeidsområde. Resultatet er at vi kan bruke maskinkontrolleren til å tegne alle typer 2D-figurer som sirkler, diagonaler og firkanter på papirThe objective of this project was to develop a custom machine controller for a CNC machine, specifically designed for woodworking, in order to manufacture unique parts using computer-aided design. The work in this bachelor's thesis has consisted of creating a machine controller for a CNC machine. The report includes steps on how a machine controller is made. It involves design, connection of components in an electrical panel, setup of limit switches, stepper motors and user interface. We compare our machine controller and user interface with open software GRBL for Arduino as machine controller and UGS as user interface. The CNC machine is assembled from, among other things, 3D printed parts, stepper motors with necessary drivers and other electronic equipment, emergency stop, aluminum profiles, threaded rods and a platform. The connections are placed in an electrical panel with a wiring diagram to keep it tidy and clear. The machine is controlled by our own machine controller, which we call "Maskinkontrolleren" and the user interface "Brukergrensesnittet". By running the user interface from Raspberry Pi or a laptop connected with Arduino via USB, we can translate G-code into motor commands and moving tools in the work area. G-code is produced in computer-aided design using Fusion 360. The result was a simplified machine controller inspired by GRBL. The machine controller can move freely within the work area and can draw all types of 2D figures such as circles, diagonals and squares on paper

Clinical management and burden of bipolar disorder: a multinational longitudinal study (WAVE-bd Study)

BACKGROUND: Studies in bipolar disorder (BD) to date are limited in their ability to provide a whole-disease perspective--their scope has generally been confined to a single disease phase and/or a specific treatment. Moreover, most clinical trials have focused on the manic phase of disease, and not on depression, which is associated with the greatest disease burden. There are few longitudinal studies covering both types of patients with BD (I and II) and the whole course of the disease, regardless of patients' symptomatology. Therefore, the Wide AmbispectiVE study of the clinical management and burden of Bipolar Disorder (WAVE-bd) (NCT01062607) aims to provide reliable information on the management of patients with BD in daily clinical practice. It also seeks to determine factors influencing clinical outcomes and resource use in relation to the management of BD. METHODS: WAVE-bd is a multinational, multicentre, non-interventional, longitudinal study. Approximately 3000 patients diagnosed with BD type I or II with at least one mood event in the preceding 12 months were recruited at centres in Austria, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Portugal, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela. Site selection methodology aimed to provide a balanced cross-section of patients cared for by different types of providers of medical aid (e.g. academic hospitals, private practices) in each country. Target recruitment percentages were derived either from scientific publications or from expert panels in each participating country. The minimum follow-up period will be 12 months, with a maximum of 27 months, taking into account the retrospective and the prospective parts of the study. Data on demographics, diagnosis, medical history, clinical management, clinical and functional outcomes (CGI-BP and FAST scales), adherence to treatment (DAI-10 scale and Medication Possession Ratio), quality of life (EQ-5D scale), healthcare resources, and caregiver burden (BAS scale) will be collected. Descriptive analysis with common statistics will be performed. DISCUSSION: This study will provide detailed descriptions of the management of BD in different countries, particularly in terms of clinical outcomes and resources used. Thus, it should provide psychiatrists with reliable and up-to-date information about those factors associated with different management patterns of BD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01062607

Table_1_Isolation of a cytolytic subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from NK cells containing NKG7 and cytolytic proteins.xlsx

NK cells can broadly target and kill malignant cells via release of cytolytic proteins. NK cells also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain cytolytic proteins, previously shown to induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The EVs released by NK cells are likely very heterogeneous, as vesicles can be released from the plasma membrane or from different intracellular compartments. In this study, we undertook a fractionation scheme to enrich for cytolytic NK-EVs. NK-EVs were harvested from culture medium from the human NK-92 cell line or primary human NK cells grown in serum-free conditions. By combining ultracentrifugation with downstream density-gradient ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography, distinct EV populations were identified. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation led to separation of three subpopulations of EVs. The different EV isolates were characterized by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and western blotting, and we found that one subpopulation was primarily enriched for plasma membrane proteins and tetraspanins CD37, CD82, and CD151, and likely represents microvesicles. The other major subpopulation was enriched in intracellularly derived markers with high expression of the endosomal tetraspanin CD63 and markers for intracellular organelles. The intracellularly derived EVs were highly enriched in cytolytic proteins, and possessed high apoptotic activity against HCT-116 colon cancer spheroids. To further enrich for cytolytic EVs, immunoaffinity pulldowns led to the isolation of a subset of EVs containing the cytolytic granule marker NKG7 and the majority of vesicular granzyme B content. We therefore propose that EVs containing cytolytic proteins may primarily be released via cytolytic granules.</p

Table_3_Isolation of a cytolytic subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from NK cells containing NKG7 and cytolytic proteins.xlsx

NK cells can broadly target and kill malignant cells via release of cytolytic proteins. NK cells also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain cytolytic proteins, previously shown to induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The EVs released by NK cells are likely very heterogeneous, as vesicles can be released from the plasma membrane or from different intracellular compartments. In this study, we undertook a fractionation scheme to enrich for cytolytic NK-EVs. NK-EVs were harvested from culture medium from the human NK-92 cell line or primary human NK cells grown in serum-free conditions. By combining ultracentrifugation with downstream density-gradient ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography, distinct EV populations were identified. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation led to separation of three subpopulations of EVs. The different EV isolates were characterized by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and western blotting, and we found that one subpopulation was primarily enriched for plasma membrane proteins and tetraspanins CD37, CD82, and CD151, and likely represents microvesicles. The other major subpopulation was enriched in intracellularly derived markers with high expression of the endosomal tetraspanin CD63 and markers for intracellular organelles. The intracellularly derived EVs were highly enriched in cytolytic proteins, and possessed high apoptotic activity against HCT-116 colon cancer spheroids. To further enrich for cytolytic EVs, immunoaffinity pulldowns led to the isolation of a subset of EVs containing the cytolytic granule marker NKG7 and the majority of vesicular granzyme B content. We therefore propose that EVs containing cytolytic proteins may primarily be released via cytolytic granules.</p

Table_2_Isolation of a cytolytic subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from NK cells containing NKG7 and cytolytic proteins.xlsx

NK cells can broadly target and kill malignant cells via release of cytolytic proteins. NK cells also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain cytolytic proteins, previously shown to induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The EVs released by NK cells are likely very heterogeneous, as vesicles can be released from the plasma membrane or from different intracellular compartments. In this study, we undertook a fractionation scheme to enrich for cytolytic NK-EVs. NK-EVs were harvested from culture medium from the human NK-92 cell line or primary human NK cells grown in serum-free conditions. By combining ultracentrifugation with downstream density-gradient ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography, distinct EV populations were identified. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation led to separation of three subpopulations of EVs. The different EV isolates were characterized by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and western blotting, and we found that one subpopulation was primarily enriched for plasma membrane proteins and tetraspanins CD37, CD82, and CD151, and likely represents microvesicles. The other major subpopulation was enriched in intracellularly derived markers with high expression of the endosomal tetraspanin CD63 and markers for intracellular organelles. The intracellularly derived EVs were highly enriched in cytolytic proteins, and possessed high apoptotic activity against HCT-116 colon cancer spheroids. To further enrich for cytolytic EVs, immunoaffinity pulldowns led to the isolation of a subset of EVs containing the cytolytic granule marker NKG7 and the majority of vesicular granzyme B content. We therefore propose that EVs containing cytolytic proteins may primarily be released via cytolytic granules.</p

Image_1_Isolation of a cytolytic subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from NK cells containing NKG7 and cytolytic proteins.tif

NK cells can broadly target and kill malignant cells via release of cytolytic proteins. NK cells also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain cytolytic proteins, previously shown to induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The EVs released by NK cells are likely very heterogeneous, as vesicles can be released from the plasma membrane or from different intracellular compartments. In this study, we undertook a fractionation scheme to enrich for cytolytic NK-EVs. NK-EVs were harvested from culture medium from the human NK-92 cell line or primary human NK cells grown in serum-free conditions. By combining ultracentrifugation with downstream density-gradient ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography, distinct EV populations were identified. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation led to separation of three subpopulations of EVs. The different EV isolates were characterized by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and western blotting, and we found that one subpopulation was primarily enriched for plasma membrane proteins and tetraspanins CD37, CD82, and CD151, and likely represents microvesicles. The other major subpopulation was enriched in intracellularly derived markers with high expression of the endosomal tetraspanin CD63 and markers for intracellular organelles. The intracellularly derived EVs were highly enriched in cytolytic proteins, and possessed high apoptotic activity against HCT-116 colon cancer spheroids. To further enrich for cytolytic EVs, immunoaffinity pulldowns led to the isolation of a subset of EVs containing the cytolytic granule marker NKG7 and the majority of vesicular granzyme B content. We therefore propose that EVs containing cytolytic proteins may primarily be released via cytolytic granules.</p

Table_4_Isolation of a cytolytic subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from NK cells containing NKG7 and cytolytic proteins.xlsx

NK cells can broadly target and kill malignant cells via release of cytolytic proteins. NK cells also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain cytolytic proteins, previously shown to induce apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The EVs released by NK cells are likely very heterogeneous, as vesicles can be released from the plasma membrane or from different intracellular compartments. In this study, we undertook a fractionation scheme to enrich for cytolytic NK-EVs. NK-EVs were harvested from culture medium from the human NK-92 cell line or primary human NK cells grown in serum-free conditions. By combining ultracentrifugation with downstream density-gradient ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography, distinct EV populations were identified. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation led to separation of three subpopulations of EVs. The different EV isolates were characterized by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry and western blotting, and we found that one subpopulation was primarily enriched for plasma membrane proteins and tetraspanins CD37, CD82, and CD151, and likely represents microvesicles. The other major subpopulation was enriched in intracellularly derived markers with high expression of the endosomal tetraspanin CD63 and markers for intracellular organelles. The intracellularly derived EVs were highly enriched in cytolytic proteins, and possessed high apoptotic activity against HCT-116 colon cancer spheroids. To further enrich for cytolytic EVs, immunoaffinity pulldowns led to the isolation of a subset of EVs containing the cytolytic granule marker NKG7 and the majority of vesicular granzyme B content. We therefore propose that EVs containing cytolytic proteins may primarily be released via cytolytic granules.</p