53 research outputs found

    PhénomÚne de biohype dans des articles scientifiques rapportant des résultats issus de recherches cliniques en nutrigénétique/nutrigénomique : caractérisation et perception des chercheurs

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    Le dĂ©veloppement de la nutrigĂ©nĂ©tique/nutrigĂ©nomique (NGx) a suscitĂ© de nombreuses attentes puisque les retombĂ©es qui lui sont associĂ©es s’avĂšrent potentiellement bĂ©nĂ©fiques autant pour les individus en santĂ© que pour les individus malades. De grandes attentes avaient Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© associĂ©es au Projet de dĂ©cryptage du GĂ©nome Humain (PGH). Aujourd’hui, seules quelques attentes de celles envisagĂ©es se sont concrĂ©tisĂ©es. Le PGH a donc Ă©voluĂ© dans un contexte marquĂ© par du biohype, soit la promotion d’attentes exagĂ©rĂ©es, voir irrĂ©alistes. Étant donnĂ© l’importance des attentes associĂ©es avec le dĂ©veloppement de la NGx et des limites mĂ©thodologiques auxquelles fait encore face la recherche clinique conduite dans ce domaine, l’objectif principal de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©terminer si les publications scientifiques rapportant des rĂ©sultats de recherches cliniques effectuĂ©es en NGx contribuent Ă  l’émergence d’un phĂ©nomĂšne de biohype. Plus spĂ©cifiquement, il s’agira Ă©galement de documenter la perception des chercheurs oeuvrant dans le domaine de la NGx du phĂ©nomĂšne de biohype, d’identifier certains facteurs qui pourraient expliquer son Ă©mergence dans la littĂ©rature scientifique propre Ă  ce domaine et de proposer des pistes d’actions pour limiter les risques associĂ©s Ă  ce phĂ©nomĂšne. Nous avons tout d’abord procĂ©dĂ© Ă  une analyse documentaire d’articles scientifiques rapportant des rĂ©sultats issus de recherches cliniques en NGx. Celle-ci nous a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que plusieurs bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă©taient promus dans cette littĂ©rature alors mĂȘme que les limites mĂ©thodologiques n’étaient pas d’emblĂ©e prĂ©sentĂ©es et discutĂ©es. Cette observation nous portait Ă  croire que ces bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă©tant potentiellement prĂ©maturĂ©s. Nous avons ensuite voulu valider notre constat auprĂšs des chercheurs Ɠuvrant principalement dans le domaine de la NGx. Cette enquĂȘte nous a permis de constater que les chercheurs Ă©taient gĂ©nĂ©ralement en accord avec les bĂ©nĂ©fices que nous avons recensĂ©s dans les articles scientifiques. Toutefois, ils n’envisageaient pas leur concrĂ©tisation Ă  moyen terme. Par ailleurs, cette enquĂȘte nous a Ă©galement rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les limitations mĂ©thodologiques actuellement rencontrĂ©es dans la conduite de recherches cliniques soulevaient des doutes quant Ă  la faisabilitĂ© des bĂ©nĂ©fices promut dans les articles scientifiques. Ces donnĂ©es viennent confirmer notre observation Ă  savoir qu’un phĂ©nomĂšne de biohype serait rĂ©ellement en Ă©mergence dans les articles scientifiques rapportant des rĂ©sultats de recherches cliniques en NGx. Outre des informations concernant les publics ciblĂ©s par les chercheurs et les Ă©lĂ©ments que doivent contenir un article scientifique, cette enquĂȘte nous a Ă©galement aidĂ©s Ă  mieux comprendre les avantages associĂ©s Ă  la promotion de bĂ©nĂ©fices. Selon la majoritĂ© des chercheurs interrogĂ©s, la promotion de bĂ©nĂ©fices dans un article scientifique augmenterait les chances d’un manuscrit d’ĂȘtre publiĂ© et favoriserait la continuitĂ© du financement du domaine de recherche. Cette activitĂ© Ă©tant caractĂ©risĂ©e par un environnement compĂ©titif, la promotion de bĂ©nĂ©fices semble ĂȘtre une avenue Ă  envisager pour se dĂ©marquer. Quoique la promotion de bĂ©nĂ©fices prĂ©maturĂ©s ou exagĂ©rĂ©s ne soit pas considĂ©rĂ©e comme de l’inconduite scientifique, elle peut causer entre autres un affaiblissement du sentiment de confiance entre le public et les chercheurs et ultimement, contrevenir Ă  la continuitĂ© d’une saine activitĂ© de recherche. À la lumiĂšre de ces donnĂ©es, nous croyons qu’une des stratĂ©gies qui permettrait de prĂ©venir l’apparition des risques associĂ©s au phĂ©nomĂšne de biohype serait de sensibiliser les chercheurs et les Ă©diteurs de journaux scientifiques Ă  ces derniers. Plus particuliĂšrement, nous encourageons l’intĂ©gration de lignes directrices portant sur la gestion du biohype dans les codes de conduites qui ont Ă©tĂ© mis en place pour favoriser les bonnes pratiques en recherche.The development of the nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics (NGx) has generated many expectations since the associated benefits are potentially beneficial for everyone, that is to say, both for healthy and sick individuals. High expectations were also associated with the Human Genome Project (HGP), but as of today only a few have been realized. The HGP thus evolved in a context marked by biohype, i.e., the promotion of exaggerated or unrealistic benefits. Given the importance of expectations associated with the development of NGx and the methodological limitations faced by clinical research conducted in this area, the main objective of this thesis is to determine whether scientific publications reporting results from clinical research conducted in Ngx contribute to the emergence of a biohype phenomenon. More specifically, it will also document the perception of researchers working in this area concerning this phenomenon, try to identify factors that could explain its emergence in scientific literature specific to NGx and suggest ways of actions to mitigate the risks associated with this phenomenon. We first conducted a document analysis of scientific articles reporting results from clinical research in NGx. This revealed that many benefits were promoted in the literature even though the methodological limitations were not necessarily presented or discussed. This observation led us to believe that the promoted benefits were potentially premature. We then sought to validate our findings among researchers working mainly in the field of NGx. Our survey revealed that researchers were generally in agreement with the benefits that we identified in the scientific articles. However, they did not consider that their realization was feasible in the medium term. This survey also revealed that the methodological limitations currently encountered in the conduct of clinical research raised doubts about the realistic outcome of the benefits promoted in scientific articles. These data confirm our observation that a biohype phenomenon is actually emerging in scientific articles reporting results of clinical research in NGx. Besides information about the audiences targeted by researchers and the elements that need to be included in a scientific article, the survey also helped us better understand the advantages associated with the promotion of benefits. The majority of researchers interviewed found that the promotion of benefits in a scientific article would increase the chances of a manuscript being accepted for publication and also foster continuing funding of the research area. In a competitive environment such as biomedical research, the promotion of benefits seems to be an avenue taken to stand out from the field. Although promoting premature or exaggerated benefits are not considered as being scientific misconduct, biohype can cause a weakening of the trust between the public and researchers. Ultimately, it can hinder the continuity of sound scientific research. Based on these findings, one of the strategies that could be use to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of the risks associated with biohype would be to increase awareness of the issue amongst researchers and scientific journal editors. Specifically, we encourage the integration of guidelines on the management of biohype within the codes of conduct that have been put in place to promote good practices in research

    Étude de rĂ©activitĂ© et de sĂ©lectivitĂ© de nouveaux catalyseurs Ă  base de ruthĂ©nium

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    Ce projet de recherche consiste en l’étude de la rĂ©activitĂ© et de la sĂ©lectivitĂ© de nouveaux catalyseurs de mĂ©tathĂšse d’olĂ©fines Ă  base de ruthĂ©nium lors de rĂ©action de fermeture de cycle par mĂ©tathĂšse d’olĂ©fines (RCM). L’emphase de cette Ă©tude repose sur l’évaluation de nouveaux catalyseurs possĂ©dant un ligand NHC (carbĂšne N-hĂ©tĂ©rocyclique) C1-symĂ©trique dĂ©veloppĂ©s par le laboratoire Collins pour des rĂ©actions de dĂ©symĂ©trisations asymĂ©triques de mĂ©so-triĂšnes par ARCM. Le projet a Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ© en deux sections distinctes. La premiĂšre section concerne la formation d’olĂ©fines trisubstituĂ©es par ARCM de mĂ©so-triĂšnes. La seconde section consiste en la formation d’olĂ©fines tĂ©trasubstituĂ©es par le biais de la RCM de diĂšnes et de la ARCM de mĂ©so-triĂšnes. Il est Ă  noter qu’il n’y a aucun prĂ©cĂ©dent dans la littĂ©rature concernant la formation d’olĂ©fines tĂ©trasubstituĂ©es suite Ă  une dĂ©symĂ©trisation par ARCM. Lors de l’étude concernant la formation d’olĂ©fines trisubstituĂ©es, une Ă©tude de cinĂ©tique a Ă©tĂ© entreprise dans le but de mieux comprendre la rĂ©activitĂ© des diffĂ©rents catalyseurs. Il a Ă©tĂ© possible d’observer que le groupement N-alkyle a une grande influence sur la rĂ©activitĂ© du catalyseur. Une Ă©tude de sĂ©lectivitĂ© a ensuite Ă©tĂ© entreprise pour dĂ©terminer si le groupement N-alkyle gĂ©nĂšre aussi un effet sur la sĂ©lectivitĂ© des catalyseurs. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par l’entremise de rĂ©actions de dĂ©symĂ©trisation d’une variĂ©tĂ© de mĂ©so-triĂšnes. En ce qui a trait Ă  la formation d’olĂ©fines tĂ©trasubstituĂ©es, une Ă©tude de la rĂ©activitĂ© des diffĂ©rents catalyseurs a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par l’intermĂ©diaire de malonates de diĂ©thyldimĂ©thallyle. Il a encore une fois a Ă©tĂ© possible d’observer que le groupement N-alkyle possĂšde un effet important sur la rĂ©activitĂ© du catalyseur. Une Ă©tude de sĂ©lectivitĂ© a ensuite Ă©tĂ© entreprise pour dĂ©terminer si le groupement iv N-alkyle gĂ©nĂšre aussi un effet sur la sĂ©lectivitĂ© des catalyseurs. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e par l’entremise de rĂ©actions de dĂ©symĂ©trisation de diffĂ©rents mĂ©sotriĂšnes.This research consists in the study of the reactivity and selectivity of new chiral Ru-based olefin metathesis catalysts in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions. The study focused on evaluating new catalysts possessing C1- symmetric NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands developed in our laboratories for asymmetric desymmetrization reactions of meso-trienes. The research was divided into two distinct sections, the first concerns the asymmetric ring closing metathesis (ARCM) processes that form trisubstituted olefins from meso-trienes. The second concerns the RCM and ARCM processes that form tetrasubstituted olefins from meso-trienes. It can be observed that there is no precedent in the literature concerning the formation of tetrasubstituted olefins via ARCM. During the investigation concerning the formation of trisubstituted olefins, a kinetic study was done to have better understanding of the catalyst selectivity. With this study in hand, it was possible to observe the effect induced by the N-alkyl group on the catalysts’ reactivity. A selectivity study was done to observe if the Nalkyl group could affects the catalysts’ selectivity. These investigations were done using a variety of meso-trienes in desymmetrization reactions to afford trisubstituted olefins. Concerning the formation of tetrasubstituted olefins, the catalysts’ reactivity was investigated in RCM processes involving diethyldimethallyl malonates. Once again, an effect induced by the N-alkyl group was observed concerning the reactivity of the catalysts. A selectivity study was performed. As for ARCM processes forming trisubstituted olefins, the N-alkyl group also had an impact on the selectivity of the catalysts. This investigation was done with ARCM desymmetrization of meso-trienes

    Inclusion and exclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research: ethical & scientific challenges

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    [À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : ESPUM - DĂ©p. mĂ©decine sociale et prĂ©ventive - Travaux et publications]Background/Aims: There are compelling reasons to ensure participation of ethnic minorities and populations of all ages worldwide in nutrigenetics clinical research. If findings in such research are valid for some individuals, groups, or communities, and not for others, then ethical questions of justice – and not only issues of methodology and external validity – arise. This paper aims to examine inclusion in nutrigenetics clinical research and its scientific and ethical challenges. Methods: 173 publications were identified through a systematic review of clinical studies in nutrigenetics published between 1998 and 2007 inclusively. Data such as participants' demographics as well as eligibility criteria were extracted. Results: There is no consistency in the way participants’ origins (ancestry, ethnicity or race) and ages are described in publications. A vast majority of the studies identified was conducted in North America and Europe and focused on “white” participants. Our results show that pregnant women (and fetuses), minors and the elderly (≄75 years old) remain underrepresented. Conclusion: Representativeness in nutrigenetics research is a challenging ethical and scientific issue. Yet, if nutrigenetics is to benefit whole populations and be used in public and global health agendas, fair representation, as well as clear descriptions of participants in publications are crucial.Fonds de recherche en santĂ© - QuĂ©bec (FRQS); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR

    Scope and Mechanistic Study of the Coupling Reaction of α,ÎČ-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Alkenes: Uncovering Electronic Effects on Alkene Insertion vs Oxidative Coupling Pathways

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    The cationic ruthenium-hydride complex [(C6H6)(PCy3)(CO)RuH]+BF4– (1) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the intermolecular conjugate addition of simple alkenes to α,ÎČ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give (Z)-selective tetrasubstituted olefin products. The analogous coupling reaction of cinnamides with electron-deficient olefins led to the oxidative coupling of two olefinic C–H bonds in forming (E)-selective diene products. The intramolecular version of the coupling reaction efficiently produced indene and bicyclic fulvene derivatives. The empirical rate law for the coupling reaction of ethyl cinnamate with propene was determined as follows: rate = k[1]1[propene]0[cinnamate]−1. A negligible deuterium kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.1 ± 0.1) was measured from both (E)-C6H5CH═C(CH3)CONHCH3 and (E)-C6H5CD═C(CH3)CONHCH3 with styrene. In contrast, a significant normal isotope effect (kH/kD = 1.7 ± 0.1) was observed from the reaction of (E)-C6H5CH═C(CH3)CONHCH3 with styrene and styrene-d8. A pronounced carbon isotope effect was measured from the coupling reaction of (E)-C6H5CH═CHCO2Et with propene (13C(recovered)/13C(virgin) at CÎČ = 1.019(6)), while a negligible carbon isotope effect (13C(recovered)/13C(virgin) at CÎČ = 0.999(4)) was obtained from the reaction of (E)-C6H5CH═C(CH3)CONHCH3 with styrene. Hammett plots from the correlation of para-substituted p-X-C6H4CH═CHCO2Et (X = OCH3, CH3, H, F, Cl, CO2Me, CF3) with propene and from the treatment of (E)-C6H5CH═CHCO2Et with a series of para-substituted styrenes p-Y-C6H4CH═CH2 (Y = OCH3, CH3, H, F, Cl, CF3) gave the positive slopes for both cases (ρ = +1.1 ± 0.1 and +1.5 ± 0.1, respectively). Eyring analysis of the coupling reaction led to the thermodynamic parameters, ΔH⧧ = 20 ± 2 kcal mol–1 and ΔS⧧ = −42 ± 5 eu. Two separate mechanistic pathways for the coupling reaction have been proposed on the basis of these kinetic and spectroscopic studies
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