MADLAD-400: A Multilingual And Document-Level Large Audited Dataset

We introduce MADLAD-400, a manually audited, general domain 3T token monolingual dataset based on CommonCrawl, spanning 419 languages. We discuss the limitations revealed by self-auditing MADLAD-400, and the role data auditing had in the dataset creation process. We then train and release a 10.7B-parameter multilingual machine translation model on 250 billion tokens covering over 450 languages using publicly available data, and find that it is competitive with models that are significantly larger, and report the results on different domains. In addition, we train a 8B-parameter language model, and assess the results on few-shot translation. We make the baseline models available to the research community.Comment: Preprin

Predictors of survival in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that investigated prognostic factors and survival in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods Publications of at least 10 patients with a likely or confirmed diagnosis of PSP or MSA were eligible for inclusion. Methodological quality was rated using a modified version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. For frequently examined prognostic factors, HRs derived by univariate and multivariate analysis were pooled in separate subgroups; other results were synthesised narratively and HRs could not be reported here. Results Thirty-seven studies presenting findings on 6193 patients (1911 PSP, 4282 MSA) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We identified the following variables as unfavourable predictors of survival. In PSP, PSP-Richardson’s phenotype (univariate HR 2.53; 95% CI 1.69 to 3.78), early dysphagia and early cognitive symptoms. In MSA, severe dysautonomia and early development of combined autonomic and motor features but not MSA phenotype (multivariate HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.80). In PSP and MSA, survival was predicted by early falls (multivariate HR 2.32; 95% CI 1.94 to 2.77), the Neuroprotection and Natural History in Parkinson Plus Syndromes Parkinson Plus Score and the Clinical Global Impression Disease Severity Score but not sex (multivariate HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.28). There was conflicting evidence regarding the prognostic effect of age at onset and stridor. Conclusion Several clinical variables were strongly associated with shorter survival in PSP and MSA. Results on most prognostic factors were consistent across methodologically diverse studies; however, the lack of commonality of prognostic factors investigated is a significant limitation

Risk Factors of Typhoid Infection in the Indonesian Archipelago.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. METHODS: We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. RESULTS: Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). CONCLUSIONS: Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for 'software' related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure

Conservação de energia: uma ferramenta para analisar o aproveitamento de energia solar em instalações residenciais

No Brasil, devido ao forte crescimento da demanda de energia elétrica nas últimas décadas e com a necessidade de atender a esta procura, torna-se indispensável a inclusão no sistema elétrico brasileiro de programas de eficiência energética e a utilização de fontes alternativas de energia, pois com a construção de novas hidrelétricas e termoelétricas para atender o consumidor, ocorre inundações de grandes áreas e diminuição da emissão de gases para a atmosfera, o que causa fortes impactos ambientais. O uso de fontes alternativas também diminui a dependência do Brasil de combustíveis fósseis, pois futuramente ocorrerá o esgotamento de reservas naturais no país, tendo a necessidade de importar energia, o que elevará os preços das tarifas de energia elétrica. Para que haja a conservação de energia proveniente de fontes tradicionais e incentivar a implantação de energia solar no sistema elétrico brasileiro, desenvolveu-se um programa que analisa a viabilidade técnico-econômica de inclusão do sistema fotovoltaico e fototérmico ao sistema tradicional de distribuição de energia nas diversas regiões do Brasil em residências, pois é o setor que possui um maior potencial de economia de energia. O programa é uma ferramenta de fácil manuseio, de acesso rápido que permitem tomadas de decisões rápidas e seguras quanto à implantação de energia solar por parte do consumidor, além de fornecer em qual região é mais viável essa implantação.In Brazil, due to a solid increasing in electrical energy demand at the last decades and due to the need to comply with this demand, became essential the inclusion of energetic efficiency programs and use of alternative energy resources in the Brazilian electrical supply system. However, the new hydro and thermo electrical power plants construction to attend the consumer cause strong environmental impacts, since they need big flooded lakes and eliminate theirs pollutants in the atmosphere, respectively. Moreover, the use of alternative energy resources decreases Brazil dependency of fossil fuels, besides it prevents the breakdown of the natural reserves and the need of energy importation, what would increase the charge for the electrical energy. To the energy conservation provided by traditional resources and to encourage the implementation of a solar energy based system in Brazil, it was developed a software that analyzes technical and economic feasibility of the photovoltaic and photothermical systems introduction in the traditional supply system on the several regions of Brazil to residential use, because this is a sector that has an elevated potential of energy saving. The software has a friendly interface, with quick access that allows the user to take quick and safe decisions, regarding to the solar energy implementation by consumers, and evaluate which area of the country is the most interesting to the implementation.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Baseline characteristics by case definition.

<p>Baseline characteristics by case definition.</p

Population attributable fraction (PAF) and 95% CI of increased odds of typhoid infection for each behavioural risk factor, by island ¹.

<p>Population attributable fraction (PAF) and 95% CI of increased odds of typhoid infection for each behavioural risk factor, by island <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155286#t004fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

Diagnostic algorithm.

<p>¹ Fever on the day of consultation (body temperature measured axillary >37.5°C); fever duration ≥3 days; headache since the start of the fever. ² IgM lateral flow assay</p

Distribution of individual level risk factors by case definition [1].

<p>¹ Type I controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture (n = 305); Type II controls were individuals negative to serology and with a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 144); Type I cases were individuals with a culture positive result regardless of serological result (n = 174); Type II cases were individuals who had a culture negative but seropositive results (n = 310); ² Continuous score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always. ³ Categorical variable 0 = Sometimes/Never, 1 = Often, 2 = Always. ⁴ Categorical variable 1 = Less than once a week, 2 = Once a week, 3 = Few times a week, 4 = Every day</p

Location of study sites and participating health facilities.

<p>Location of study sites and participating health facilities.</p

Baseline characteristics by case definition.

<p>Baseline characteristics by case definition.</p