Biorefinery of the macroalgae Ulva lactuca: extraction of proteins and carbohydrates by mild disintegration

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Study of the inflammatory process induced by injection of carrageenan or formalin in the rat temporomandibular joint Estudo do processo inflamatório induzido pela injeção de carragenina ou de formalina na articulação temporomandibular de ratos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the injection of two phlogistic agents, carrageenan and formalin, in the rat TMJ, and the inflammatory process induced by these substances. In this study, a total of 45 adult rats were distributed in two experimental groups and a control group. The animals were sacrificed after three hours, 24 hours, three days, seven days, and 15 days after a single injection of each substance. Histological data initially demonstrated an inflammatory process represented by acute infiltration, which later became mixed, and finally chronic in both experimental groups. Hyperplasia of the synovial membrane was observed after three days, being intense at seven days, and present after 15 days only in the formalin group. Local saline injection in the control group caused no inflammatory reaction. It was concluded that a single local injection of carrageenan or formalin was enough to induce inflammatory reaction in the TMJ and periarticular soft tissues, and that the resulting processes were similar, but more persistent in the formalin group.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da injeção de dois agentes flogísticos, ou seja, carragenina ou formalina, na ATM do rato, e a evolução do quadro inflamatório provocado por essas substâncias. Foram utilizados 45 ratos, divididos em dois grupos experimentais e um grupo controle. Os animais foram sacrificados em lotes de três de cada grupo após três horas, 24 horas, três dias, sete dias e 15 dias da injeção. Histologicamente a reação inflamatória em ambos os grupos experimentais iniciou-se com infiltrado inflamatório agudo, tornando-se misto e depois crônico. Sinais de hiperplasia da membrana sinovial foram observados aos três dias, intensos aos sete dias, estando presentes aos 15 dias somente no grupo da formalina. A injeção de solução salina (grupo controle) não provocou reação inflamatória. No presente trabalho foi concluído que uma injeção local única na região da ATM de carragenina ou de formalina foi suficiente para induzir reação inflamatória na articulação e nos tecidos moles periarticulares. As reações inflamatórias resultantes da injeção desses agentes flogísticos foram semelhantes, mas o grupo da formalina mostrou infiltrado inflamatório mais persistente

Long-term oral appliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome:a controlled study on dental side effects

<p>This study aimed to assess possible dental side effects associated with long-term use of an adjustable oral appliance compared with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and to study the relationship between these possible side effects and the degree of mandibular protrusion associated with oral appliance therapy.</p><p>As part of a previously conducted RCT, 51 patients were randomized to oral appliance therapy and 52 patients to CPAP therapy. At baseline and after a 2-year follow-up, dental plaster study models in full occlusion were obtained which were thereupon analyzed with respect to relevant variables.</p><p>Long-term use of an oral appliance resulted in small but significant dental changes compared with CPAP. In the oral appliance group, overbite and overjet decreased 1.2 (+/- 1.1) mm and 1.5 (+/- 1.5) mm, respectively. Furthermore, we found a significantly larger anterior-posterior change in the occlusion (-1.3 +/- 1.5 mm) in the oral appliance group compared to the CPAP group (-0.1 +/- 0.6 mm). Moreover, both groups showed a significant decrease in number of occlusal contact points in the (pre)molar region. Linear regression analysis revealed that the decrease in overbite was associated with the mean mandibular protrusion during follow-up [regression coefficient (beta) = -0.02, 95 % confidence interval (-0.04 to -0.00)].</p><p>Oral appliance therapy should be considered as a lifelong treatment, and there is a risk of dental side effects to occur.</p><p>Patients treated with the oral appliance need a thorough follow-up by a dentist or dental-specialist experienced in the field of dental sleep medicine.</p>

Treatment decision making

© 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Treatment decision making (TDM) is complex due to the varying decisions which have to be made about diagnosis, treatment options, toxicity, and outcomes of treatment. Shared decision making is complicated by the triadic relationship of parent/caregiver, child and clinician typical in pediatric care. Increasing attention on how best to incorporate child and adolescent and young adult (AYA) voices in decision making is described. We review TDM from the various perspectives of those involved in making decisions about treatment, including parents, children, AYAs, family, and the health care team. Those involved in TDM bring with them their individual characteristics that include values, preferences, past experiences, and cognitive abilities. Interwoven with these influences are the person’s environment, social determinants, and relationships. We incorporate into our discussion the available research literature concluding with what is ready for translation into clinical practice and recommendations for future research to fully understand the varying perspectives and factors which influence TDM and the nurse’s important role in supporting children and their families