2,735 research outputs found
Cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance adaptations to a 4-week sprint interval training in young healthy untrained females
Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic performance measures in young females.Methods: Eight healthy, untrained females (age 21 ± 1 years; height 165 ± 5 cm; body mass 63 ± 6 kg) completed cycling peak oxygen uptake ( VËO2VËO2  peak), 10-km cycling time trial (TT) and critical power (CP) tests pre- and post-SIT. SIT protocol included 4 Ă 30-s âall-outâ cycling efforts against 7 % body mass interspersed with 4 min of active recovery performed twice per week for 4 weeks (eight sessions in total).Results: There was no significant difference in  VËO2VËO2  peak following SIT compared to the control period (control period: 31.7 ± 3.0 ml kgâ1 minâ1; post-SIT: 30.9 ± 4.5 ml kgâ1 minâ1; p > 0.05), but SIT significantly improved time to exhaustion (TTE) (control period: 710 ± 101 s; post-SIT: 798 ± 127 s; p = 0.00), 10-km cycling TT (control period: 1055 ± 129 s; post-SIT: 997 ± 110 s; p = 0.004) and CP (control period: 1.8 ± 0.3 W kgâ1; post-SIT: 2.3 ± 0.6 W kgâ1; p = 0.01).Conclusions: These results demonstrate that young untrained females are responsive to SIT as measured by TTE, 10-km cycling TT and CP tests. However, eight sessions of SIT over 4 weeks are not enough to provide sufficient training stimulus to increase  VËO2VËO2  peak
Gravitational wave signatures from kink proliferation on cosmic (super-) strings
Junctions on cosmic string loops give rise to the proliferation of sharp
kinks. We study the effect of this proliferation on the gravitational wave (GW)
signals emitted from string networks with junctions, assuming a scaling
solution. We calculate the rate of occurrence and the distribution in amplitude
of the GW bursts emitted at cusps and kinks in the frequency bands of LIGO and
LISA as a function of the string tension, the number of sharp kinks on loops
with junctions and the fraction of loops in the cosmological network which have
junctions. Combining our results with current observational constraints, we
find that pulsar data rule out a significant number of kinks on loops for
strings with tensions G\mu > 10^{-12}. By contrast, for smaller tensions
current observations allow for a large number of kinks on loops. If this is the
case, the incoherent superposition of small bursts emitted at kink-kink
encounters leads to an enhanced GW background that hides the strong individual
bursts from kinks and cusps.Comment: 32 pages, 13 figure
The time dependence of muon spin relaxation spectra and spin correlation functions
The existing theory of the microscopic interpretation of the dynamical
contribution to zero-field muon depolarization spectra in a longitudinal
geometry is developed. The predicted relaxation of the muon depolarization is
calculated from two forms of the spin correlation function. First, when the
spin correlation function has an exponential form with a single wave vector
dependent relaxation rate is considered, it is shown that this form of the spin
correlation function reproduces the slow and fast fluctuation limits of
stochastic spin theory regardless of the choice of microscopic spin model.
Second, if the spin correlation function is a homogeneous scaling function
(such as a power-law decay with time), as suggested by the mode-coupling theory
of spin dynamics, this results in a stretched exponential relaxation of the
muon spectra. For simple spin diffusion, the muon spectra are shown to be relax
with a root-exponential form.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Interurban Bus: Time to Raise the Profile
A review of development of interurban bus services in Britain in recent years, including case studies showing the effects of major quality improvements and ridership growth, often filling gaps in the rail network. Policy recommendations
Gravitational Wave Bursts from Cosmic Superstrings with Y-junctions
Cosmic superstring loops generically contain strings of different tensions
that meet at Y-junctions. These loops evolve non-periodically in time, and have
cusps and kinks that interact with the junctions. We study the effect of
junctions on the gravitational wave signal emanating from cosmic string cusps
and kinks. We find that earlier results on the strength of individual bursts
from cusps and kinks on strings without junctions remain largely unchanged, but
junctions give rise to additional contributions to the gravitational wave
signal coming from strings expanding at the speed of light at a junction and
kinks passing through a junction.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure
Spherical Collapse in Chameleon Models
We study the gravitational collapse of an overdensity of nonrelativistic
matter under the action of gravity and a chameleon scalar field. We show that
the spherical collapse model is modified by the presence of a chameleon field.
In particular, we find that even though the chameleon effects can be
potentially large at small scales, for a large enough initial size of the
inhomogeneity the collapsing region possesses a thin shell that shields the
modification of gravity induced by the chameleon field, recovering the standard
gravity results. We analyse the behaviour of a collapsing shell in a
cosmological setting in the presence of a thin shell and find that, in contrast
to the usual case, the critical density for collapse depends on the initial
comoving size of the inhomogeneity.Comment: matches printed versio
Scaling configurations of cosmic superstring networks and their cosmological implications
We study the cosmic microwave background temperature and polarisation spectra
sourced by multi-tension cosmic superstring networks. First we obtain solutions
for the characteristic length scales and velocities associated with the
evolution of a network of F-D strings, allowing for the formation of junctions
between strings of different tensions. We find two distinct regimes describing
the resulting scaling distributions for the relative densities of the different
types of strings, depending on the magnitude of the fundamental string coupling
g_s. In one of them, corresponding to the value of the coupling being of order
unity, the network's stress-energy power spectrum is dominated by populous
light F and D strings, while the other regime, at smaller values of g_s, has
the spectrum dominated by rare heavy D strings. These regimes are seen in the
CMB anisotropies associated with the network. We focus on the dependence of the
shape of the B-mode polarisation spectrum on g_s and show that measuring the
peak position of the B-mode spectrum can point to a particular value of the
string coupling. Finally, we assess how this result, along with pulsar bounds
on the production of gravitational waves from strings, can be used to constrain
a combination of g_s and the fundamental string tension mu_F. Since CMB and
pulsar bounds constrain different combinations of the string tensions and
densities, they result in distinct shapes of bounding contours in the (mu_F,
g_s) parameter plane, thus providing complementary constraints on the
properties of cosmic superstrings.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables; V2: matches published version (PRD
Photoreflectance and surface photovoltage spectroscopy of beryllium-doped GaAs/AlAs multiple quantum wells
We present an optical study of beryllium delta-doped GaAs/AlAs multiple quantum well (QW) structures designed for sensing terahertz (THz) radiation. Photoreflectance (PR), surface photovoltage (SPV), and wavelength-modulated differential surface photovoltage (DSPV) spectra were measured in the structures with QW widths ranging from 3 to 20 nm and doping densities from 2Ă10(10) to 5Ă10(12) cm(â2) at room temperature. The PR spectra displayed Franz-Keldysh oscillations which enabled an estimation of the electric-field strength of ~20 kV/cm at the sample surface. By analyzing the SPV spectra we have determined that a buried interface rather than the sample surface mainly governs the SPV effect. The DSPV spectra revealed sharp features associated with excitonic interband transitions which energies were found to be in a good agreement with those calculated including the nonparabolicity of the energy bands. The dependence of the exciton linewidth broadening on the well width and the quantum index has shown that an average half monolayer well width fluctuations is mostly predominant broadening mechanism for QWs thinner than 10 nm. The line broadening in lightly doped QWs, thicker than 10 nm, was found to arise from thermal broadening with the contribution from Stark broadening due to random electric fields of the ionized impurities in the structures. We finally consider the possible influence of strong internal electric fields, QW imperfections, and doping level on the operation of THz sensors fabricated using the studied structures. © 2005 American Institute of Physic
Kinematic Constraints on Formation of Bound States of Cosmic Strings - Field Theoretical Approach
Superstring theory predicts the potential formation of string networks with
bound states ending in junctions. Kinematic constraints for junction formation
have been derived within the Nambu-Goto thin string approximation. Here we test
these constraints numerically in the framework of the Abelian-Higgs model in
the Type-I regime and report on good agreement with the analytical predictions.
We also demonstrate that strings can effectively pass through each other when
they meet at speeds slightly above the critical velocity permitting bound state
formation. This is due to reconnection effects that are beyond the scope of the
Nambu-Goto approximation.Comment: 6 pages, 12 eps figures - matches the published versio
Singular tachyon kinks from regular profiles
We demonstrate how Sen's singular kink solution of the Born-Infeld tachyon
action can be constructed by taking the appropriate limit of initially regular
profiles. It is shown that the order in which different limits are taken plays
an important role in determining whether or not such a solution is obtained for
a wide class of potentials. Indeed, by introducing a small parameter into the
action, we are able circumvent the results of a recent paper which derived two
conditions on the asymptotic tachyon potential such that the singular kink
could be recovered in the large amplitude limit of periodic solutions. We show
that this is explained by the non-commuting nature of two limits, and that
Sen's solution is recovered if the order of the limits is chosen appropriately.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. References adde
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