2,381 research outputs found
On Normal ordering and Canonical transformations in Thermal Field Theory
We look at a real scalar field in thermal equilibrium in the context of the
new normal ordering and field split defined by Evans and Steer. We show that
the field split defines a natural canonical transformation, but that this
transformation differs from others known in thermal field theory.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX. (Revisions made to discussion and various small
errors in equations corrected
Goethe's Social Philosophy
In this study originally published in 1955, Steer explores the importance of Goethe's family concept in two autobiographical works, "Campagne in Frankreich" and "Belagerung von Mainz". Through a close textual analysis, Steer argues that at the center of both pieces is Goethe's conception of the family as "Urform" of society
From k-essence to generalised Galileons
We determine the most general scalar field theories which have an action that
depends on derivatives of order two or less, and have equations of motion that
stay second order and lower on flat space-time. We show that those theories can
all be obtained from linear combinations of Lagrangians made by multiplying a
particular form of the Galileon Lagrangian by an arbitrary scalar function of
the scalar field and its first derivatives. We also obtain curved space-time
extensions of those theories which have second order field equations for both
the metric and the scalar field. This provide the most general extension, under
the condition that field equations stay second order, of k-essence, Galileons,
k-Mouflage as well as of the kinetically braided scalars. It also gives the
most general action for a scalar classicalizer, which has second order field
equations. We discuss the relation between our construction and the Euler
hierachies of Fairlie et al, showing in particular that Euler hierachies allow
one to obtain the most general theory when the latter is shift symmetric. As a
simple application of our formalism, we give the covariantized version of the
conformal Galileon.Comment: 25 page
Multispectral mid-infrared light emitting diodes on a GaAs substrate
We have designed, simulated, and experimentally demonstrated four-colour mid-infrared (mid-IR) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) integrated monolithically into a vertical structure on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. In order to finely control the peak wavelength of the emitted mid-IR light, quantum well (QW) structures based on AlInSb/InSb/AlInSb are employed. The completed device structure consists of three p-QW-n diodes with different well widths stacked on top of one bulk AlInSb p-i-n diode. The epitaxial layers comprising the device are designed in such a way that one contact layer is shared between two LEDs. The design of the heterostructure realising the multispectral LEDs was aided by numerical modelling, and good agreement is observed between the simulated and experimental results. Electro-Luminescence measurements, carried out at room temperature, confirm that the emission of each LED peaks at a different wavelength. Peak wavelengths of 3.40 μm, 3.50 μm, 3.95 μm, and 4.18 μm are observed in the bulk, 2 nm, 4 nm, and 6 nm quantum well LEDs, respectively. Under zero bias, Fourier Transform Infrared photo-response measurements indicate that these fabricated diodes can also be operated as mid-IR photodetectors with an extended cut-off wavelength up to 4.6 μm
Investigation of mid-infrared AlInSb LEDs with an n-i-p structure
We report on the investigation on mid-infrared AlInSb LEDs with an n-i-p structure. Compared to the conventional AlInSb LEDs with a p-i-n structure, a better current spreading corresponding to a uniform current distribution in the active region is expected in the n-i-p structure because of a high electron mobility in the n-type AlInSb material. The output optical power of laterally injected LEDs were investigated as a function of the device geometry by COMSOL simulations and confirmed by experimental results
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Local Energy Policy and Managing the Low Carbon Transition: The Case of Leicester
This paper seeks to provide insights into the links between the local and national energy policy. Leicester City Council has sought to take a leadership role on implementing innovative energy policies within their city. consequently, this paper investigates the impact of national and local energy policy in Leicester. It examines the consumption of energy within city, the network of players within energy policy and two flagship aspects of the policy - the district heating scheme and the use of smart metering. The paper concludes that energy policy looks very different at local and national levels
Recommended from our members
Local Energy Policy and Managing the Low Carbon Transition: The Case of Leicester
This paper seeks to provide insights into the links between the local and national energy policy. Leicester City Council has sought to take a leadership role on implementing innovative energy policies within their city. consequently, this paper investigates the impact of national and local energy policy in Leicester. It examines the consumption of energy within city, the network of players within energy policy and two flagship aspects of the policy the district heating scheme and the use of smart metering. The paper concludes that energy policy looks very different at local and national levels
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