90 research outputs found
Religious Identification, Switching, and Apostasy Among Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland:Individual and Cohort Dynamics Between Two Censuses 2001â2011
Religious identification has historically been salient in Northern Ireland as an ethnicânational identity marker. Thirteen years after the Good Friday Agreement that marked the start of the peace process in the country, the question arises whether religious affiliation in Northern Ireland has become less of an ethnonational identity marker and more of a personal choice. This article analyzes religious switching and apostasy between 2001 and 2011, using data from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study, a representative sample of approximately 28 percent of the population, linked to the 2001 and 2011 censuses. We found that the vast majority retained their selfâreported religious affiliation, a tiny minority switched between Protestantism and Catholicism, and a significant minority, particularly among the young, switched to ânone/not statedâ or between Protestant denominations. Religious switching is associated with young age, higher education, and also socioeconomic deprivation. Experiences of social frustration appear to drive many to leave their faith
Unified View of Scaling Laws for River Networks
Scaling laws that describe the structure of river networks are shown to
follow from three simple assumptions. These assumptions are: (1) river networks
are structurally self-similar, (2) single channels are self-affine, and (3)
overland flow into channels occurs over a characteristic distance (drainage
density is uniform). We obtain a complete set of scaling relations connecting
the exponents of these scaling laws and find that only two of these exponents
are independent. We further demonstrate that the two predominant descriptions
of network structure (Tokunaga's law and Horton's laws) are equivalent in the
case of landscapes with uniform drainage density. The results are tested with
data from both real landscapes and a special class of random networks.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables (converted to Revtex4, PRE ref added
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