Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines

The fatigue life calculation of bearings under rotating conditions has been well researched and standardized. In contrast, for bearings in oscillating applications no international standards exist. As a result, pitch bearings in wind turbines are designed with different, non standardized approaches. Furthermore, the impact of individual pitch control on pitch bearings has not yet been studied. In this paper four approaches for fatigue life calculation will be applied and compared under individual pitch control conditions. For comparison, the loads and the bearing geometry of the reference turbine IWT 7.5 MW, which is individual pitch controlled, are used. This paper will show how the bearing life calculated by different approaches reacts to individual pitch control conditions. Furthermore, the factors for the modified rating life, according to the ABMA and ISO standards, which implement different operation conditions on the bearings in rotating applications, are calculated for the given loads and the given bearing geometry in oscillating applications

On the ambiguity of 1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles as donor/acceptor functionalities in luminescent molecules

A series of 1,3-bis(perfluoroaryl)-2-(hetero)aryl-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles, 1,3-FAr2-2-Ar-1,3,2-N2BC6H4 (Ar = Ph, FAr = C6F5 5; Ar = Ph, FAr = 4-C5F4N 6; Ar = Ph, FAr = 4-NCC6F4 7; Ar = 2-C4H3S, FAr = C6F5 8; Ar = 2-C4H3S, FAr = 4-C5F4N 9; Ar = 2-C4H3S, FAr = 4-NCC6F4 10), were synthesised by cyclocondensation of the adducts PhBBr2·PPh3 or 2-thienylBBr2·PPh3 with N,N′-bis(perfluoroaryl)-o-phenylenediamines in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Similar treatments of the PPh3 adducts of 4-(1′,3′-diethyl-1′,3′,2′-benzodiazaborolyl)-phenyldibromoborane with the corresponding diamines gave rise to the push–pull compounds, C6H4(NEt)2B-1,4-C6H4-B(NFAr)2C6H4 (FAr = C6F5 11; 4-C5F4N 12) and C6H4(NEt)2B-2,5-C4H2S-B(NFAr)2C6H4 (FAr = C6F5 13; 4-C5F4N 14). The X-ray structures of 8, 11, 12 and 13 were determined. Electronic structure calculations reveal that the LUMOs are located at the perfluoroaryl groups in 5–14; thus the fluorinated benzodiazaborolyl groups are considered as electron-withdrawing moieties. These moieties differ from alkylated benzodiazaborolyl groups which are regarded as donors. The emission spectra for 5–14 show charge transfer bands with significant solvatochromism and large Stokes shifts (6100–12500 cm−1 in cyclohexane and 8900–15900 cm−1 in CH2Cl2). The emissions of the benzodiazaboroles, 5–10, arise from a different charge transfer (CT) process to the local charge transfer (LCT) process typically found in many fluorescent benzodiazaboroles. This novel remote charge transfer (RCT) process involving the perfluoroaryl groups is supported by CAM-B3LYP computations. The push–pull systems 11–14 here give fluorescent emissions with moderate to high fluorescence quantum yields (65–97%) that arise from the usual LCT process only

Non‐target site SDHI resistance is present as standing genetic variation in field populations of Zymoseptoria tritici

BACKGROUND A new generation of more active succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) inhibitors (SDHIs) is currently widely used to control Septoria leaf blotch in northwest Europe. Detailed studies were conducted on Zymoseptoria tritici field isolates with reduced sensitivity to fluopyram and isofetamid; SDHIs which have only just or not been introduced for cereal disease control, respectively. RESULTS Strong cross‐resistance between fluopyram and isofetamid, but not with other SDHIs, was confirmed through sensitivity tests using laboratory mutants and field isolates with and without Sdh mutations. The sensitivity profiles of most field isolates resistant to fluopyram and isofetamid were very similar to a lab mutant carrying SdhC‐A84V, but no alterations were found in SdhB, C and D. Inhibition of mitochondrial Sdh enzyme activity and control efficacy in planta for those isolates was severely impaired by fluopyram and isofetamid, but not by bixafen. Isolates with similar phenotypes were not only detected in northwest Europe but also in New Zealand before the widely use of SDHIs. CONCLUSION This is the first report of SDHI‐specific non‐target site resistance in Z. tritici. Monitoring studies show that this resistance mechanism is present and can be selected from standing genetic variation in field populations. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry

Favipiravir vs. Deferiprone: Tautomeric, photophysical, in vitro biological studies, and binding interactions with SARS-Cov-2-MPro/ACE2

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still remains the most disastrous infection continuously affecting millions of people worldwide. Herein, we performed a comparative study between the anti-influenza drug favipiravir (FAV) and the anti-thalassemia drug deferiprone (DFP) in order to examine their potential as basic scaffolds for the generation of most effective and structurally novel antivirals. To conduct the initial molecular modelling and virtual screening steps, our recently proposed single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD)/HYdrogen DEssolvation (HYDE) technology platform has been used. This platform allows molecular design, interactive prioritization and virtual evaluation of newly designed molecules, simultaneously affecting two COVID-related targets, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a host-cellular receptor (host-based approach) and the main protease (Mpro) enzyme of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-Cov-2 (virus-based approach). Based on the molecular docking results, DFP has shown higher binding affinity (Ki HYDE values) over FAV towards both biological targets. The tautomeric, physicochemical, and biological properties of FAV and DFP have been studied both experimentally and theoretically using molecular spectroscopy (UV–VIS absorption), parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, and cell biology (PAMPA and MTT assay), as well as DFT quantum chemical calculations. According to the obtained results, the enol tautomers of both compounds are considerably more stable in different organic solvents. However, the keto tautomer of FAV was estimated to be most preferable under physiological conditions, which is in good agreement with the molecular docking studies. The isolated crystal structure of DFP is in an excellent agreement with the computation in respect of the most stable tautomer. Combined single X-ray/molecular modeling studies including HYDE analyses provided not only insights into the protein–ligand interactions within the binding site of SARS-Cov-2-ACE2 and SARS-Cov-2-Mpro, but also a valuable information regarding the most stable enol tautomeric form of DFP that contributes to its estimated higher potency against these targets

Temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in Northwestern Siberia

Funding Information NordForsk. Grant Number: 76915 ERC Advanced Grant. Grant Numbers: 295458, ESRC ES/, M011054/1 JPI HUMANOR ERC Starting GrantPeer reviewedPublisher PD

The diagnostic value of ultrasonography-derived edema of the temporal artery wall in giant cell arteritis: a second meta-analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ultrasonography of temporal arteries is not commonly used in the approach of patients with suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA) in clinical practice. A meta-analysis of primary studies available through April 2004 concluded that ultrasonography could indeed be helpful in diagnosing GCA. We specifically re-examined the diagnostic value of the ultrasonography-derived halo sign, a dark hypoechoic circumferential thickening around the artery lumen, indicating vasculitic wall edema, in GCA.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Original, prospective studies in patients with suspected GCA that examined ultrasonography findings of temporal arteries using the ACR 1990 classification criteria for GCA as reference standard, published through 2009, were identified. Only eight studies involving 575 patients, 204 of whom received the final diagnosis of GCA, fulfilled technical quality criteria for ultrasound. Weighted sensitivity and specificity estimates of the halo sign were assessed, their possible heterogeneity was investigated and pooled diagnostic odds ratio was determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Unilateral halo sign achieved an overall sensitivity of 68% (95% CI, 0.61-0.74) and specificity of 91% (95% CI, 0.88-0.94) for GCA. The values of inconsistency coefficient (I²) of both sensitivity and specificity of the halo sign, showed significant heterogeneity concerning the results between studies. Pooled diagnostic odds ratio, expressing how much greater the odds of having GCA are for patients with halo sign than for those without, was 34 (95% CI, 8.21-138.23). Diagnostic odds ratio was further increased to 65 (95% CI, 17.86-236.82) when bilateral halo signs were present (sensitivity/specificity of 43% and 100%, respectively). In both cases, it was found that DOR was constant across studies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Temporal artery edema demonstrated as halo sign should be always looked for in ultrasonography when GCA is suspected. Providing that currently accepted technical quality criteria are fulfilled, halo sign's sensitivity and specificity are comparable to those of autoantibodies used as diagnostic tests in rheumatology. Validation of revised GCA classification criteria which will include the halo sign may be warranted.</p

Unorthodoxy in legislation: The Hungarian experience

This paper deals with legal unorthodoxy. The main idea is to study the so-called unorthodox taxes Hungary has adopted in recent years. The study of unorthodox taxes will be preceded by a more general discussion of how law is made under unorthodoxy, and what are the special features of unorthodox legal policy. Unorthodoxy challenges equality before the law and is critical towards mass democracies. It also raises doubts on the operability of the rule of law, relying on personal skills, or loyalty, rather than on impersonal mechanisms arising from checks and balances as developed by the division of political power. Besides, for lack of legal suppositions, legislation suffers from casuistry and regulatory capture