Interview with Lee Stabenow, Class of 1937

Oral history interview with Illinois State Normal University alumnus Lee Stabenow, Class of 1937. The interview was conducted on October 9, 1982, by Diane Amend. They discuss the Great Depression, involvement in performing arts, and campus life.https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/aoh/1007/thumbnail.jp

Experimentelle Überprüfung der ästhetischen Wirksamkeit fotografischer Bildkompositionsregeln

Mit Hilfe experimenteller Verfahren soll die ästhetische Wirkung der Drittelteilungsregel und der Leitende Linie Regel, zwei häufig in der Fotografie verwendete Bildkompositionsregeln, auf ihre ästhetische Wirkung hin überprüft werden, wodurch ein wissenschaftlichen Beitrag zur Fotopsychologie geleistet werden soll. Es wurden Fotografien, deren Bildaufbau nach den Regeln gestaltet wurde mit Fotografien, die entgegen den Regeln strukturiert wurden, miteinander verglichen. Beide Bildgestaltungsregeln wurden mittels Verhaltensexperimenten (VE) und Blickbewegungsregistrierung (BBR) untersucht. Für die Drittelteilungsregel wurde angenommen, dass die nach der Regel gestalteten Bilder besser gefallen, ästhetisch ansprechender und interessanter sind (VE) und mit einer längeren Fixationsdauer und geringerer Fixationshäufigkeit betrachtet werden (BBR). Die Ergebnisse der Verhaltensexperimente bestätigen die Bevorzugung der asymmetrisch aufgeteilten Drittelteilungsbilder. Die Analyse der Fixationsparameter spricht entgegen der Annahme für eine Präferenz eines symmetrischen Bildaufbaus. Diese unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse werden als Resultate unterschiedlicher Verarbeitungsphasen der visuellen Wahrnehmung bei Fotografien gesehen, die nach dem Modell der ästhetischen Erfahrung von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004) erklärt werden. Die Leitende Linie Regel postuliert, dass die Linie das Auge des Betrachters zum Objekt auf der Linie leitet. Somit wurde angenommen, dass die Fotografien mit leitender Linie mehr gefallen als Kontrollstimuli, die keine Linie enthielten, und das das Objekt auf der Linie als interessanter betrachtet wird als das Objekt außerhalb der Linie (VE). Außerdem wurde erwartet, dass das Objekt auf der Linie eine längere Fixationsdauer und höhere Fixationshäufigkeit aufweisen würde, als das Objekt außerhalb der Linie (BBR). Die Bevorzugung der Leitenden Linie Fotografien gegenüber den Kontrollstimuli konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Die ästhetische Präferenz für das Objekt auf der Linie wurde sowohl in den Verhaltensexperimenten wie auch in der Blickbewegungsregistrierung gefunden. Die durch die Studien bestätigte ästhetische Wirkung der Leitenden Linie Regel wird durch evolutions- und neuropsychologische Erklärungen gestützt

Oxidative Glucose Metabolism Promotes Senescence in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Vascular aging is based on the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is thought to be promoted by senescent cells accumulating in aged tissues and is possibly affected by their environment via inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Senescence appears to be closely interlinked with changes in cell metabolism. Here, we describe an upregulation of both glycolytic and oxidative glucose metabolism in replicative senescent endothelial cells compared to young endothelial cells by employing metabolic profiling and glucose flux measurements and by analyzing the expression of key metabolic enzymes. Senescent cells exhibit higher glycolytic activity and lactate production together with an enhanced expression of lactate dehydrogenase A as well as increases in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and mitochondrial respiration. The latter is likely due to the reduced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDHKs) in senescent cells, which may lead to increased activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Cellular and mitochondrial ATP production were elevated despite signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, such as an increased production of reactive oxygen species and extended mitochondrial mass. A shift from glycolytic to oxidative glucose metabolism induced by pharmacological inhibition of PDHKs in young endothelial cells resulted in premature senescence, suggesting that alterations in cellular glucose metabolism may act as a driving force for senescence in endothelial cells

Método digital assistido por computador de quantificação imunohistoquímica comparado à análise semiquantitativa

PURPOSE: To compare immunostaining quantification obtained by a digital computer-assisted method with the well-established semiquantitative analysis. METHODS: Cytoplasmic staining of galectin-3 was obtained by standard immunohistochemical reactions in 25 cases of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The expression index that associates the conventional area fraction of labeled cells with the immunostaining intensity score based on visual qualitative observation was used as the semiquantitative analysis. A digital computer-assisted method is described based on the use of an image processing program (ImageLab®). Three parameters were obtained: (1) percentage of labeled cells; (2) digital immunostaining intensity, and (3) digital expression index. The proposed method allows numerical analysis of the immunostaining intensity. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the immunostaining intensity obtained by the two methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.71, P = 0.0001). The same was observed between expression indexes (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.66, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Results obtained with our proposed digital computer-assisted method for immunoexpression analysis were concordant with the semiquantitative analysis. In addition, digital values can also resolve disagreement among different observers about the quality of staining intensity because the digital method does not classify the results into groups, but rather provides a numerical value for each individual case; thus, it increases the diagnostic and, more importantly, the prognostic sensitivity of the immunohistochemical analysis.OBJETIVO: Comparar a quantificação da imunomarcação através de um método digital assistido por computador à bem estabelecida análise semiquantitativa. MÉTODO: A marcação citoplasmática de galectina-3 foi obtida por reações imunohistoquímicas em 25 casos de carcinoma bem-diferenciado da glândula tireóide. Determinou-se o índice de expressão da análise semiquantitativa que associa a convencional fração de área de células marcadas com os escores de intensidade da imunoexpressão, com base na observação visual qualitativa. O método digital assistido por computador foi desenvolvido com o uso de um programa de análise de imagem (ImageLab®). Três parâmetros foram obtidos: (1) porcentagem de células marcadas; (2) intensidade de imunoexpressão digital e (3) índice de expressão digital. O método proposto resulta na análise numérica da intensidade de imunoexpressão. RESULTADOS: Houve importante correlação entre as intensidades de imunoexpressão obtidas pelos dois métodos (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, r=0,71, p=0,0001). O mesmo foi observado entre os índices de expressão (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, r=0,66, p=0,0001). DISCUSSÃO: Os resultados de intensidade de imunoexpressão obtidos com o emprego do método digital assistido por computador foram concordantes com os escores da análise semiquantitativa. Entretanto, os resultados alcançados com o emprego do método digital podem resolver a discordância entre diferentes observadores com relação a esta intensidade de imunomarcação. Além disso, o método proposto não categoriza os resultados em grupos, o que torna a análise imunohistoquímica numericamente mensurável individualmente, aumentando seu poder diagnóstico e, sobretudo, prognóstico

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF GROWING PIGS UNDER DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Socijalno suočavanje mlade svinje u rastu s usporednom skupinom brzo dovodi do vrlo čestih agonističkih interakcija u prvih 30 minutia praćenih naglim ubrzanjem rada srca i koncentracijom katekolamina te usporenim porastom koncentracija kortizola. Suočavanje životinje s nepoznatom skupinom dovodi do većih agonističkih interakcija i veće reakcije adrenokortizola u usporedbi sa suočavanjem s poznatom skupinom. Najbolje životinje imaju više agonističkih interakcija u prvih trideset minuta praćenih ubrzanijim radom srca i višom adrenokortikalnom reakcijom ali pokazuju sposobnost snalaženja u novoj situaciji nakon kratkog razdoblja. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja da se ocijene različite strategije prilagođavanja u svinja i uključivanje u promatrane fiziološke reakcije i reakcije ponašanja.The social confrontation of a young growing pig with a comparable group immediately leads to very frequent agonistic interactions during the first 30 minutes accompanied with a rapid increase of heart rate and catecholamine concentrations and a delayed increase of cortisol concentrations. Confrontation of the animal with an unfamiliar group results in more agonistic interactions and a higher adrenocortical reaction compared to the confrontation with the familiar group. High rank animals have more agonistic interactions during the first 30 minutes, accompanied with higher heart rates and a higher adrenocortical reaction but show the ability to cope with the new situation after a short period. Further research is necessary to evaluate the existence of different adaptation strategies in pigs and the involvement in the observed physiological and behavioural reactions

Angiogênese como indicador do potencial de metástase no carcinoma papilífero tireóideo

Angiogenesis is new blood vessel formation, a process that can lead to tumor development. Microvessel count has been correlated to metastasis in some neoplasias. PURPOSE: To determine if measurement of microvessel density is useful in predicting metastasis to the cervical lymph node and prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 30 patients that had undergone total thyroidectomy. They were divided in 2 groups of 15 patients - with and without metastatic disease. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of CD34 in archival paraffin-embedded papillary thyroid tumors, and microvessel density was calculated based on it. Association between microvessel density and the presence of metastasis, according to histological subtype, disease recurrence, and AMES prognostic index groups was determined through statistical analysis. RESULTS: The median microvessel density for the patient group without metastasis (200.0 microvessels/mm²) was apparently, but not significantly, less than that observed among metastatic disease patients (254.4 microvessels/mm²) (P = .20). When papillary carcinoma subtypes were analyzed, this difference became significant (P =.02). The follicular variant exhibited a greater microvessel density than the other subtypes, independent of metastasis presence. There was an apparent, but not significant, tendency for a larger median microvessel density in the group of patients that presented recurrence (294.4 microvessels/mm² vs 249.6 microvessels/mm², P = .11). There was no relationship between risk level and microvessel density: in the low- and high-risk groups, the median MVD was 304.0 microvessels/mm² and 229.6 microvessels/mm², respectively (P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that angiogenesis is more intense among metastatic tumors in the classic and the tall cell variants, indicating that microvessel count can be an indicator of the potential for metastasis in these subtypes of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Patients that developed recurrent disease had a tendency to exhibit higher angiogenesis; however, there was no association between microvessel density and the AMES prognostic index.O desenvolvimento dos tumores depende da formação de neovasos, a angiogênese. Em algumas neoplasias, a alta densidade de microvasos tumorais correlaciona-se com a presença de metástase. OBJETIVO: Determinar se a medida da angiogênese pode indicar o potencial de metástase e o prognóstico do carcinoma papilífero tireóideo. MÉTODO: Foi feita análise retrospectiva de 30 tireoidectomizados, divididos em dois grupos de 15 indivíduos cada, respectivamente com e sem metástase. A partir dos blocos de parafina, foi calculada a densidade de microvasos no tecido tumoral por meio da quantificação da expressão do anticorpo CD34 pela imunohistoquímica. A associação da densidade de microvasos com a presença de metástase, ocorrência de recidiva e os grupos de risco do índice prognóstico AMES foi determinada por análise estatística. RESULTADOS: A mediana da densidade de microvasos no grupo de doentes sem metástase (200,0 microvasos/mm²) foi inferior àquela dos portadores de metástase (254,4 microvasos/mm²) (p = .2), sem atingir significância estatística. Ao considerar apenas os subtipos histológicos clássico e de células altas, essa diferença tornou-se significante (p = .02), uma vez que a variante folicular exibiu maior DMV que os demais subtipos, independente da presença de metástase. Houve tendência não significativa à maior densidade de microvasos entre aqueles que apresentaram recidiva (294,4 microvasos/mm² contra 249,6 microvasos/mm², p = .11). Nos grupos de baixo e alto risco, a mediana da densidade de microvasos foi de 304,0 microvasos/mm² e 229,6 microvasos/mm² respectivamente (p = .27). CONCLUSÃO: A angiogênese foi mais intensa nos tumores com metástase nos subtipos clássico e de células altas, sugerindo que a contagem de microvasos pode ser um indicador do potencial de metástase nestes subtipos histológicos do carcinoma papilífero tireóideo. Doentes que evoluíram com recidiva tenderam a exibir maior angiogênese, porém não houve associação da densidade de microvasos e o índice prognóstico

Efficacy of a ML336 Derivative Against Venezuelan and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses

Currently, there are no licensed human vaccines or antivirals for treatment of or prevention from infection with encephalitic alphaviruses. Because epidemics are sporadic and unpredictable, and endemic disease is common but rarely diagnosed, it is difficult to identify all populations requiring vaccination; thus, an effective post-exposure treatment method is needed to interrupt ongoing outbreaks. To address this public health need, we have continued development of ML336 to deliver a molecule with prophylactic and therapeutic potential that could be relevant for use in natural epidemics or deliberate release scenario for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). We report findings from in vitro assessments of four analogs of ML336, and in vivo screening of three of these new derivatives, BDGR-4, BDGR-69 and BDGR-70. The optimal dosing for maximal protection was observed at 12.5 mg/kg/day, twice daily for 8 days. BDGR-4 was tested further for prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice challenged with VEEV Trinidad Donkey (TrD). Mice challenged with VEEV TrD showed 100% and 90% protection from lethal disease when treated at 24 and 48 h post-infection, respectively. We also measured 90% protection for BDGR-4 in mice challenged with Eastern equine encephalitis virus. In additional assessments of BDGR-4 in mice alone, we observed no appreciable toxicity as evaluated by clinical chemistry indicators up to a dose of 25 mg/kg/day over 4 days. In these same mice, we observed no induction of interferon. Lastly, the resistance of VEEV to BDGR-4 was evaluated by next-generation sequencing which revealed specific mutations in nsP4, the viral polymerase

TNF-Induced Target Cell Killing by CTL Activated through Cross-Presentation

SummaryViruses can escape cytotoxic T cell (CTL) immunity by avoiding presentation of viral components via endogenous MHC class I antigen presentation in infected cells. Cross-priming of viral antigens circumvents such immune escape by allowing noninfected dendritic cells to activate virus-specific CTLs, but they remain ineffective against infected cells in which immune escape is functional. Here, we show that cross-presentation of antigen released from adenovirus-infected hepatocytes by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulated cross-primed effector CTLs to release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which killed virus-infected hepatocytes through caspase activation. TNF receptor signaling specifically eliminated infected hepatocytes that showed impaired anti-apoptotic defense. Thus, CTL immune surveillance against infection relies on two similarly important but distinct effector functions that are both MHC restricted, requiring either direct antigen recognition on target cells and canonical CTL effector function or cross-presentation and a noncanonical effector function mediated by TNF

TREINAMENTO FÍSICO COMBINADO MELHOROU A COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL DE IDOSAS ACOMETIDAS POR DIFERENTES DOENÇAS CRÔNICAS NÃO TRANSMISSÍVEIS

The present study verified the effects of 16 weeks of Combined Physical Training (CPT) on the body composition of elderly women. Eleven elders participated in the study, who were evaluated for Body mass (BM), height, and body composition. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (p <0.05) and refer to the pre- and post-TFC moments, respectively: BM (kg) = 67.5±10.3; 66.8±10.2 (p=0.029); BMI (kg/m2) = 30.1±3.3; 29.7±3.4 (p=0.024); %Fa = 44.4±3.7; 43.3±3.6 (<0.001); Fat weight (kg) = 30.3±7.2; 29.2±7.0 (p=0.001); % Lean mass; 55.6±3.7; 56.7±3.6 (<0.001); Lean mass weight (kg); 37.2±3.7; 37.6±3.7 (p=0.048); Body water (L); 40.7±2.7; 41.5±2.8 (p=<0.001); % H2O; 27.2±2.7; 27.5±2.7 (p=0.064); Basal metabolic rate (Kcal); 1092.2±55.9; 1096.9±55.9 (p=0.044). The 16-week CPT increased fat-free mass as well as decreased the fat mass in elderly women.El presente estudio verificó los efectos de 16 semanas de Entrenamiento Físico Combinado (EFC) sobre la composición corporal de ancianas. En el estudio participaron 11 ancianas, las cuales fueron evaluadas en cuanto a la masa corporal (MC), a la estatura ya la composición corporal. Los datos se expresan como media ± desviación estándar (p <0,05) y se refieren a los momentos pre y post-TFC, respectivamente: MC (kg) = 67,5±10,3; 66,8±10,2 (p=0,029); IMC (kg / m2) = 30,1±3,3; 29,7±3,4 (p=0,024); % Grasa = 44,4±3,7; 43,3±3,6 (p=<0,001); Peso de grasa (kg) = 30,3±7,2; 29.2±7,0 (p=0,001); % Masa Magra; 55,6±3,7; 56,7±3,6 (p=<0,001); Peso de masa magra (kg); 37,2±3,7; 37,6±3,7 (p=0,048); Líquido corporal (L); 40,7±2,7; 41,5±2,8 (p=<0,001); % H2O; 27,2±2,7; 27,5±2,7 (p=0,064); Tasa Metabólica Basal (kcal); 1092,2±55,9, 1096,9±55,9 (p=0,044). El EFC de 16 semanas aumentó la masa libre de grasa, así como disminuyó la masa gorda de ancianas.O presente estudo verificou os efeitos de 16 semanas de Treinamento Físico Combinado (TFC) sobre a composição corporal de idosas. Participaram do estudo 11 idosas, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à massa corporal (MC), à estatura e à composição corporal. Os dados estão expressos como média±desvio padrão (p < 0,05) e referem-se aos momentos pré e pós-TFC, respectivamente: MC (kg)= 67,5±10,3; 66,8±10,2 (p=0,029); IMC (kg/m2)= 30,1±3,3; 29,7±3,4 (p=0,024); %Gordura= 44,4±3,7; 43,3±3,6  (p=<0,001); Peso de gordura (kg)= 30,3±7,2; 29.2±7,0 (p=0,001); % Massa Magra; 55,6±3,7; 56,7±3,6  (p=<0,001); Peso de massa magra (kg); 37,2±3,7; 37,6±3,7 (p=0,048); Líquido corporal (L); 40,7±2,7; 41,5±2,8 (<0,001); % H2O; 27,2±2,7; 27,5±2,7  (p= 0,064); Taxa Metabólica Basal (kcal); 1092,2±55,9;1096,9±55,9 (p=0,044). O TFC de 16 semanas aumentou a massa livre de gordura bem como diminuiu a massa gorda em idosas