Development of Organic Farming in Poland After 2013 in Terms of Common Agricultural Policy

Organic farming in the European Union is still a small percentage, but there is a noticeable upward trend, albeit mainly in the countries of the old EU (EU-15). At the same time, according to Eurostat data and taking into account the average for the European Union, organic farms are larger than conventional farms, as well as the average age of organic farmers is lower. As a result, organic farming (biological, organic) as a system of permanent self-sustaining and economically sustainable safe management of plant and animal production should be an important alternative to conventional agriculture. In addition, efforts to develop organic farming create the capacity to deal with environmental, animal welfare and rural development, while producing high quality food. The aim of the paper is to provide opportunities for development of organic farming in Poland in the light of EU regulations for the years 2014–2020

Concentration dependent toxicokinetics of copper in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

To predict internal metal concentrations in animals under specific environmental exposures, the relationship between the exposure concentrations and values of toxicokinetic parameters must be known. At high exposure levels, the availability of carriers transporting metal ions through cellular membranes may become limited, thereby decreasing the assimilation rates (k_A ). Furthermore, increased metal concentrations in food may result in greater damage to the gut and reduce the assimilation efficiency and/or increase the elimination rate (k_E ). Therefore, k A should decrease and k E should increase with increasing metal concentrations. In fact, our study on Tribolium castaneum exposed to Cu at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg kg^-1 of dry flour showed that with increasing Cu concentrations, k_A decreased from 0.0042 day^-1 at 500 mg kg^-1 to 0.0026 day^-1 at 4000 mg kg^-1 in females and from 0.0029 to 0.001 day^-1 in males and k_E increased from 0.027 to 0.064 day^-1 and from 0.018 to 0.04 day^-1 in females and males, respectively. Significant differences in k_A between the sexes were observed at 2000 and 4000 mg kg^-1, whereas significant differences between treatments were found for k_A in males. Copper was efficiently regulated by T. castaneum: an eightfold increase in exposure concentrations resulted in only a ca. twofold increase in the internal concentration. No Cu effect on the respiratory metabolism of T. castaneum was found

Nagroda wypłacana sportowcowi, a składnik majątku małżonków. Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 23 maja 2013 r., I CSK 515/12

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicatio

Immunohistochemical detection of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in neuroendocrine tumours

Wstęp: Wiadomo, że ekspresja receptorów folitropiny (FSHR) występuje w gonadach i wywodzących się z gonad nowotworach. Ostatniowykazano ich obecność także w innych nowotworach endokrynnych, takich jak guzy nadnerczy i gruczolaki przysadki. Ponadtostwierdzono immunopozytywność dla FSHR w śródbłonkach około- i wewnątrzguzowych naczyń krwionośnych różnych nowotworówzłośliwych. W obecnej pracy wykazano obecność FSHR zarówno w komórkach nowotworowych, jak i niektórych wewnątrz-guzowychnaczyniach krwionośnych guzów neuroendokrynnych (NETs).Materiał i metody: Zbadano 16 wycinków pobranych od 14 pacjentów z NETs. Odczyny immunohistochemiczne wykonano z użyciemprzeciwciała skierowanego przeciw fragmentowi 1-190 ludzkiego FSHR oraz przeciwciała dla Ki-67.Wyniki: Dodatni odczyn z przeciwciałem anty-FSHR stwierdzono w cytoplazmie większości komórek badanych guzów. W połowie badanychNETs odnotowano także immunopozytywność dla FSHR w śródbłonkach wewnątrzguzowych naczyń krwionośnych. Dodatniodczyn dla FSHR obserwowano częściej w naczyniach krwionośnych nowotworów z wyższym indeksem Ki-67.Wnioski: Ektopowe FSHR, jeśli są one aktywne, mogą przekazywać sygnały nasilające dalszy wzrost NETs.(Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64 (4): 268–271)Introduction: Follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are well known to be expressed in gonads and in gonadal tumours. Recently,their incidence has also been revealed in endocrine non-gonadal tumours such as adrenal and pituitary tumours. Moreover, FSHR immunostaininghas also been reported in endothelium of intra- and peritumoral blood vessels of a large series of cancers. The presentpaper reports on the incidence of FSHR in both tumoral cells and some intratumoral blood vessels of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs).Material and methods: Sixteen NETs samples were taken from 14 patients. The tumour samples were immunostained using the antibodyraised against 1-190 amino acid sequence from the human FSH-R and anti-Ki67 antibody.Results: In all the samples examined, the majority of tumoral cells were immunostained with anti-FSHR antibody. Positive immunostainingconcerned also the intratumoral blood vessels endothelia in a half of the examined samples. Immunopositive blood vessels were foundmore often in tumours with higher Ki-67 index.Conclusion: FSHR expressed in NETs, if they are functional, may mediate the signals which can enhance further tumour growth

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN POLAND AFTER 2013 IN TERMS OF COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY

Organic farming in the European Union is still a small percentage, but there is a noticeable upward trend, albeit mainly in the countries of the old EU (EU-15). At the same time, according to Eurostat data and taking into account the average for the European Union, organic farms are larger than conventional farms, as well as the average age of organic farmers is lower. As a result, organic farming (biological, organic) as a system of permanent self-sustaining and economically sustainable safe management of plant and animal production should be an important alternative to conventional agriculture. In addition, efforts to develop organic farming create the capacity to deal with environmental, animal welfare and rural development, while producing high quality food.The aim of the paper is to provide opportunities for development of organic farming in Poland in the light of EU regulations for the years 2014–2020

Polacy w Libii

"Wśród wielu krajów arabskich Libia cieszyła się u polskich podróżników mniejszym zainteresowaniem. Prawdopodobnie przyczyn należy szukać w jej położeniu geograficznym. Leżąc między dwoma historycznie tak bogatymi krajami, jak Tunezja - ze starożytną Kartaginą, i Egipt - z krainą faraonów, Libia nie wydawała się godna uwagi. Pierwsze wizyty w Libii miały więc w większości charakter przypadkowy i wiązały się na ogół z podróżami do innych krajów basenu Morza Śródziemnego."(...

Libia a Zachód. Od zamachów do współpracy

"Obserwowana w ostatnich latach zmiana polityki zagranicznej Libii wydaje się zaskakująca. Dlaczego Muammar Kadafi radykalnie zmienia politykę? Z jakiego powodu zdecydował się na podjęcie tak szerokiej współpracy z Zachodem? Dlaczego otwarcie potępił terroryzm, posiadanie broni chemicznej i masowego rażenia, a ofiarom swoich zamachów wypłacił ogromne odszkodowania?"(...

Działania Wspólnot Europejskich/Unii Europejskiej wobec konfliktu na Bliskim Wschodzie

"Państwa Unii Europejskiej, w związku ź licznymi konfliktami toczącymi się na świecic, coraz chętniej włączają się w misje stabilizacyjne, działania pokojowe oraz przebiegi negocj acj e układów pokoj owych."(...

OCT angiography as a novel diagnostic possibility in age-related macular degeneration

INTRODUCTION. The aim of the study is to compare classical vein imaging methods used to diagnose Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), like fluorescein angiography (FA), with non-invasive modern methods of ultrafast optical blood flow detection (Optical Coherence Tomography-angiography, Angio-OCT). METHODS. Images obtained during examination using AF and Angio-OCT methods of four randomly selected patients treated for AMD in the Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland were used for evaluation. RESULTS. Images obtained during routine check-up of patients treated for AMD were compared. CONCLUSIONS. Angio-OCT is a non-invasive, non-contact, fast, and safe examination of patients treated for AMD. Angio-OCT is a modern method that provides important information about the progression of the disease, and it is used to evaluate retinal and choroidal vessels in patients with AMD

Chromosome variations in regenerants of Arabidopsis thaliana derived from 2- and 6-week-old callus detected using flow cytometry and FISH analyses

Shoot organogenesis was induced from 2- and 6-week-old callus derived from the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (2n = 10). Regenerated plants were evaluated for chromosomal variations by means of flow cytometry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Flow cytometric measurements revealed the occurrence of diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid plants among the regenerants of 2-week-old calli, whereas only diploid and tetraploid plants were regenerated from the 6-week-old calli. Chromosome counting showed that plants developed from the 2-week-old calli exhibited mixoploidy and a high frequency of aneuploid cells. These plants were infertile and displayed altered morphology. FISH with 5S and 25S rDNA probes allowed to detect some structural chromosomal rearrangements in regenerated plants. Along with cells which exhibited correct localisation of rDNA loci, also cells bearing chromosomal translocations, deletions or duplications were found. The type of structural aberrations varied between diploid and tetraploid regenerants