Évaluation et régulation de l’effet de serre d’origine agricole

Nous examinons la contribution du secteur agricole aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre ainsi que l’impact de mesures de régulation. À partir d’un modèle économique de l’offre agricole française à fort contenu technique, nous mesurons la contribution des activités animales et végétales à l’accumulation de méthane et de protoxyde d’azote et au stockage du carbone dans le sol et la partie aérienne des plantes. Nous donnons ensuite un éclairage prospectif sur la réaction à court et moyen terme de l’offre agricole à l’application de différents schémas de taxation. Dans un premier temps, nous donnons une appréciation de l’impact d’un schéma de premier rang et discutons de l’intérêt d’une incitation au reboisement des terres en jachère. Basées sur les données techniques disponibles, les taxes et primes reposent directement sur les niveaux d’émissions que l’agence environnementale est supposée mesurer parfaitement. Dans une optique de second rang fondée sur la taxation de facteurs observables à moindre coût, nous examinons ensuite l’effet : (i) d’une taxe sur l’alimentation achetée et (ii) d’une taxe sur l’animal. Le principal résultat est que l’incitation au reboisement constitue un instrument efficace de régulation de l’effet de serre d’origine agricole, alors que les schémas de taxe de second rang sur l’activité de production animale apparaissent relativement inefficaces.The aim of this paper is to study the modification of the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere due to agricultural activities, and the impact of the implementation of regulation policy tools. From a supply-side model of the French agriculture, we estimate the contribution of cultivation and animal husbandry in terms of methane and nitrous oxide, taking also into account carbon storage in soils and plants. We then compare the effects of different tax schemes on agricultural supply in the short and mid run. We first focus on first best schemes. In this case, the taxes and subsidies are directly based on net emission levels that are assumed to be perfectly observed by the environmental agency. In this framework, we particularly discuss the opportunity of an incentive scheme proposed to producers in order to reafforest on set-aside land. Then we turn to the case of second best regulation tools based on the taxation of factors which are observable at lower cost, that is to say taxes on market feed and livestock. The incentive to reafforestation appears to be an effective means to regulate agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. It is much more socially acceptable than second best policy tools including taxes on activities derived from livestock

Évaluation et régulation de l’effet de serre d’origine agricole

The aim of this paper is to study the modification of the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere due to agricultural activities, and the impact of the implementation of regulation policy tools. From a supply-side model of the French agriculture, we estimate the contribution of cultivation and animal husbandry in terms of methane and nitrous oxide, taking also into account carbon storage in soils and plants. We then compare the effects of different tax schemes on agricultural supply in the short and mid run. We first focus on first best schemes. In this case, the taxes and subsidies are directly based on net emission levels that are assumed to be perfectly observed by the environmental agency. In this framework, we particularly discuss the opportunity of an incentive scheme proposed to producers in order to reafforest on set-aside land. Then we turn to the case of second best regulation tools based on the taxation of factors which are observable at lower cost, that is to say taxes on market feed and livestock. The incentive to reafforestation appears to be an effective means to regulate agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. It is much more socially acceptable than second best policy tools including taxes on activities derived from livestock. Nous examinons la contribution du secteur agricole aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre ainsi que l’impact de mesures de régulation. À partir d’un modèle économique de l’offre agricole française à fort contenu technique, nous mesurons la contribution des activités animales et végétales à l’accumulation de méthane et de protoxyde d’azote et au stockage du carbone dans le sol et la partie aérienne des plantes. Nous donnons ensuite un éclairage prospectif sur la réaction à court et moyen terme de l’offre agricole à l’application de différents schémas de taxation. Dans un premier temps, nous donnons une appréciation de l’impact d’un schéma de premier rang et discutons de l’intérêt d’une incitation au reboisement des terres en jachère. Basées sur les données techniques disponibles, les taxes et primes reposent directement sur les niveaux d’émissions que l’agence environnementale est supposée mesurer parfaitement. Dans une optique de second rang fondée sur la taxation de facteurs observables à moindre coût, nous examinons ensuite l’effet : (i) d’une taxe sur l’alimentation achetée et (ii) d’une taxe sur l’animal. Le principal résultat est que l’incitation au reboisement constitue un instrument efficace de régulation de l’effet de serre d’origine agricole, alors que les schémas de taxe de second rang sur l’activité de production animale apparaissent relativement inefficaces.

Biofuel Policies in the Presence of Environmental Externalities Preliminary Version (Please do not quote)

Abstract The objective of this paper is to compare, in a general equilibrium setting with three goods, the relative efficiency of biofuel subsidy and biofuel mandate policies with the laissez-faire solution. The outcomes of these institutional arrangements are also compared to that of the optimal solution. This analysis takes into account several environmental externalities such as those associated with the production of biofuels. Our numerical results, applied to the biodiesel policy of France in 2006, show that both policies decrease the utility of the representative consumer compared to the laissez-faire solution. The biofuel subsidy policy also increases overall emissions

FAPRI 2001 U.S. and World Agricultural Outlook

The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) prepares a preliminary agricultural outlook on world agricultural production, consumption, and trade every fall. This is followed by an outside review, re-evaluation of projections, and completion of the final baseline. The FAPRI 2001 U.S. and World Agricultural Outlook presents these final projections for domestic and world agricultural markets

FAPRI 2002 World Agricultural Outlook

The FAPRI 2002 World Agricultural Outlook presents final projections of FAPRI’s agricultural outlook on world agricultural production, consumption, and trade. FAPRI projections assume average weather patterns worldwide, existing policy, policy commitments under current trade agreements, and recent policy changes such as the accession of China and Taiwan to the WTO. FAPRI projections do not include conjectures on potential policy changes. The major macroeconomic drivers of the 2002 FAPRI baseline are the deepening crisis in Argentina, the U.S. dollar’s continuing strength relative to most other currencies, and the progressive recovery of economic activities in most OECD countries over the next two years

Building a Data Set over 12 Globally Distributed Sites to Support the Development of Agriculture Monitoring Applications with Sentinel-2

Developing better agricultural monitoring capabilities based on Earth Observation data is critical for strengthening food production information and market transparency. The Sentinel-2 mission has the optimal capacity for regional to global agriculture monitoring in terms of resolution (10–20 meter), revisit frequency (five days) and coverage (global). In this context, the European Space Agency launched in 2014 the “Sentinel­2 for Agriculture” project, which aims to prepare the exploitation of Sentinel-2 data for agriculture monitoring through the development of open source processing chains for relevant products. The project generated an unprecedented data set, made of “Sentinel-2 like” time series and in situ data acquired in 2013 over 12 globally distributed sites. Earth Observation time series were mostly built on the SPOT4 (Take 5) data set, which was specifically designed to simulate Sentinel-2. They also included Landsat 8 and RapidEye imagery as complementary data sources. Images were pre-processed to Level 2A and the quality of the resulting time series was assessed. In situ data about cropland, crop type and biophysical variables were shared by site managers, most of them belonging to the “Joint Experiment for Crop Assessment and Monitoring” network. This data set allowed testing and comparing across sites the methodologies that will be at the core of the future “Sentinel­2 for Agriculture” system.Instituto de Clima y AguaFil: Bontemps, Sophie. Université Catholique de Louvain. Earth and Life Institute; BélgicaFil: Arias, Marcela. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Cara, Cosmin. CS Romania S.A.; RumaniaFil: Dedieu, Gérard. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Guzzonato, Eric. CS Systèmes d’Information; FranciaFil: Hagolle, Olivier. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Inglada, Jordi. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Matton, Nicolas. Université Catholique de Louvain. Earth and Life Institute; BélgicaFil: Morin, David. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Popescu, Ramona. CS Romania S.A.; RumaniaFil: Rabaute, Thierry. CS Systèmes d’Information; FranciaFil: Savinaud, Mickael. CS Systèmes d’Information; FranciaFil: Sepulcre, Guadalupe. Université Catholique de Louvain. Earth and Life Institute; BélgicaFil: Valero, Silvia. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Ahmad, Ijaz. Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. Space Applications Research Complex. National Agriculture Information Center Directorate; PakistánFil: Bégué, Agnès. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développerment; FranciaFil: Wu, Bingfang. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth; República de ChinaFil: De Abelleyra, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Diarra, Alhousseine. Université Cadi Ayyad. Faculté des Sciences Semlalia; MarruecosFil: Dupuy, Stéphane. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développerment; FranciaFil: French, Andrew. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center; ArgentinaFil: Akhtar, Ibrar ul Hassan. Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. Space Applications Research Complex. National Agriculture Information Center Directorate; PakistánFil: Kussul, Nataliia. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Space Research Institute and State Space Agency of Ukraine; UcraniaFil: Lebourgeois, Valentine. Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développerment; FranciaFil: Le Page, Michel. Université Cadi Ayyad. Faculté des Sciences Semlalia. Laboratoire Mixte International TREMA; Marruecos. Universite de Toulose - Le Mirail. Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère; FranciaFil: Newby, Terrence. Agricultural Research Council; SudáfricaFil: Savin, Igor. V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute; RusiaFil: Verón, Santiago Ramón. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Clima y Agua; ArgentinaFil: Koetz, Benjamin. European Space Agency. European Space Research Institute; ItaliaFil: Defourny, Pierre. Université Catholique de Louvain. Earth and Life Institute; Bélgic