Protocolos de Avaliação do Equilíbrio por Baropodometria em Indivíduos Saudáveis - Revisão Sistemática

The aim of the study was to assess the protocols of balance assessment in baropodometer in healthy individuals throu-gh a systematic review of the literature. The search was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant keywords were used for the search through PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO and PEDro. The review included publications made up to August 2018, in English, Portuguese or Spanish, studies with human beings and relevance to the theme of baropodometry. Studies with children and individuals with associated disorders were not included. In all articles, information regarding the assessment protocol in baropodometry were screened, extracting positioning data of feet, arms and mouth, eye fixation, data acquisition time, rest time and number of collections.In the initial search a total of 98 articles were found, in the final sample 12 articles were included. Regarding the type of study, six were clinical trials, four were cross-sectional studies, a methodological study and an experimental one. Although results of relevant literature are limited, there is no methodological standardization in the assessment in baropodometry.Objetivo: Avaliar os protocolos de avaliação do equilíbrio em baropodômetro em indivíduos saudáveis por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Materiais e Métodos: A revisão incluiu publicações realizadas até junho de 2020, nos idiomas inglês, português ou espanhol, estudos com seres humanos, com idade a partir de 18 anos, sem doenças prévias, estudos relevantes sobre baropodometria na avaliação do equilíbrio postural.Resultados: Em todos os artigos foram triadas as informações referentes ao protocolo de avaliação em baropodometria, extraindo-se dados de posicionamento de pés, braços e boca, fixação ocular, tempo de aquisição de dados, tempo de descanso e número de coletas. Na busca inicial foi encontrado um total de 130 artigos, na amostra final 18 artigos foram incluídos.Conclusão: Por meio desta revisão, sugere-se para uma utilização mais efetiva do baropodômetro, protocolos que utilizam orientações para o posicionamento do pé, considerando uma posição confortável e a largura do quadril; manter a boca entreaberta ou fechada para que não haja pegada; mantenha os olhos fixos em um ponto marcado ao nível dos olhos; tempo de coleta entre 30 segundos a 60 segundos, com duas a três repetições e 30 a 60 segundos de descanso entre elas

Extracellular mycobacterial DnaK polarizes macrophages to the M2-like phenotype

Macrophages are myeloid cells that play an essential role in inflammation and host defense, regulating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can polarize to two distinct phenotypes. The M1 phenotype is activated by IFN-c and bacterial products, and displays an inflammatory profile, while M2 macrophages are activated by IL-4 and tend to be anti-inflammatory or immunosupressive. It was observed that DnaK from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has immunosuppressive properties, inducing a tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells and MDSCs, contributing to graft acceptance and tumor growth. However, its role in macrophage polarization remains to be elucidated. We asked whether DnaK was able to modulate macrophage phenotype. Murine macrophages, derived from bone marrow, or from the peritoneum, were incubated with DnaK and their phenotype compared to M1 or M2 polarized macrophages. Treatment with DnaK leads macrophages to present higher arginase I activity, IL-10 production and FIZZ1 and Ym1 expression. Furthermore, DnaK increased surface levels of CD206. Importantly, DnaK-treated macrophages were able to promote tumor growth in an allogeneic melanoma model. Our results suggest that DnaK polarizes macrophages to the M2-like phenotype and could constitute a virulence factor and is an important immunomodulator of macrophage responses

In vitro polyploidization and callogenesis of Jatropha curcas L

O uso de bioenergia tem sido apontado como uma estratégia para diminuição da utilização de combustíveis fósseis. Fundamentado nesse fato, muitos países, incluindo o Brasil, aumentaram os esforços para financiar pesquisas com espécies vegetais produtoras de biocombustíveis. Dentre essas espécies, Jatropha curcas L. destaca-se pelo alto potencial para produção de óleo. Visando à propagação clonal e massal de acessos elite de J. curcas, técnicas de cultura de tecidos têm sido aplicadas. Entretanto, diferentes autores frisaram a necessidade de ampliação de estudos envolvendo ferramentas da cultura de tecidos vegetais, dentre elas a poliploidização in vitro. A indução de poliploides in vitro é uma importante ferramenta no melhoramento genético de plantas, por possibilitar a obtenção de maior variabilidade de materiais com possíveis incrementos de características agronômicas desejáveis. Nesse sentindo, um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi estabelecer um protocolo de indução in vitro de plântulas poliploides da variedade / Gonçalo/ (2C = 0.85 pg, 2n = 2x = 22 cromossomos). Os resultados de citometria de fluxo evidenciaram que tetraploides e mixoploides foram obtidos a partir de ápices caulinares tratados com diferentes concentrações de colchicina e tempos de exposição. Fundamentado em três parâmetros (número de plântulas sobreviventes, tetraploides e mixoploides), o tratamento envolvendo 0,5 mM de colchicina a um pulso de 96 horas foi considerado o mais adequado. Com base nesse resultado, um segundo experimento de poliploidização foi realizado somente com a dosagem de 0,5 mM com pulsos de 96, 120, 144 e 168 horas. Os resultados confirmaram que a concentração de 0,5 mM por 96 horas é ideal para indução de tetraploides de J. curcas / Gonçalo/ . Plântulas mixoploides também foram encontradas nos tratamentos com0,5 mM de colchicina aos pulsos de 96, 120 e 144 horas. Visto a relevância da propagação clonal e massal de acessos elite de J. curcas, inclusive das plântulas poliploides obtidas no primeiro estudo, o presente trabalho também teve como objetivo induzir a calogênese in vitro a partir de explantes foliares. Os resultados mostraram que a combinação ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D)/cinetina (KN) promoveu maior número de explantes com calos friáveis quando comparado à combinação ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB)/KN. Dessa forma, o procedimento envolvendo a combinação auxina/citocinina é fundamental para gerar calos friáveis, os quais representam a base para estabelecimento de um sistema embriogênico in vitro de acessos elite. Pela primeira vez, um sistema de cultura de tecidos foi adaptado para indução, propagação e recuperação de tetraploides e mixoploides de J. curcas / Gonçalo/ . Além disso, os dados gerados contribuem para criação e ampliação de bancos de germoplasma in vitro da espécieThe use of bioenergy has been suggested as a strategy for reducing the utilization of fossil fuels. Thereafter, many countries, including Brazil, have increased efforts to fund the research of plant species for biofuel production. Among these species, Jatropha curcas L. stands out mainly due to its high potential for oil production. Thus, tissue culture techniques have been applied aiming at the mass and clonal propagation of J. curcas elite lines. However, different authors have emphasized the necessity of expanding studies that involve plant tissue culture tools such as in vitro polyploidization. In this sense, the present study sought to establish a protocol for in vitro induction of polyploid seedlings from shoot tips of the variety Gonzalo (2C = 0.85 pg, 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes). Flow cytometry revealed mixoploids and tetraploids obtained from shoot tips treated with different colchicine concentrations and exposure times. Based on three criteria (survival rate of the explants, and numbers of tetraploid and mixoploid plantlets), the treatment with 0.5 mM colchicine in a 96 hour pulse was statistically considered the most appropriate. Based on these data, a second polyploidization experiment was carried out, using a dosage of 0.5 mM colchicine in pulses of 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours. The results confirmed that the concentration of 0.5 mM for 96 hours was the ideal treatment for J. curcas Gonçalo tetraploid induction. Mixoploid seedlings were also detected in the treatments with 0.5 mM colchicine in pulses of 96, 120 and 144 hours. Considering the relevance of mass and clonal multiplication of elite J. curcas accessions, and the polyploid seedlings obtained in the first investigation, this study further aimed to establish in vitro callogenesis from leaf explants. The results showed that the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (Kn) provided greater number of explants with friable calli in relation to the combination indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Kn. Thus, 2,4-D/Kn was the treatment of choice to generate friable calli, which are essential for somatic embryogenesis. Ultimately, a tissue culture system was adapted for induction, propagation and recovery of in vitro tetraploids from the J. curcas variety Gonçalo, as well as other inbred lines. Besides providing a new protocol for polyploidy generation, this study also contributed to the germplasm of J. curcas and the achievement of genetic variability through obtainment of tetraploid and mixoploid seedlingsCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

From chromosome doubling to DNA sequence changes: outcomes of an improved in vitro procedure developed for allotriploid “Híbrido de Timor” (Coffea arabica L. × Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner)

Since 1966, chromosome doubling has been performed mainly in vitro, associating anti-tubulin treatment and different plant tissues showing proliferative cells. Despite the achieved improvements, some bottlenecks have been pointed out, such as the low rate of polyploids and high rate of mixoploid plantlets. To overcome these hurdles, some approaches have indicated that indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) constitutes an alternative trigger for chromosome doubling, especially for homoploid and anorthoploid germplasms. In this way, a guideline has been developed for hexaploidization of the Coffea line “Híbrido de Timor” (HT) ‘CIFC 4106’ (anorthoploid, 3x = 33 chromosomes, 1C = 2.10 pg, Coffea canephora × Coffea arabica) from friable embryogenic calli (FEC) treated with colchicine. From this, a relatively high percentage (49.3%) of HT hexaploids (6x = 66 chromosomes, 2C = 4.20 pg) was obtained, without recovery of mixoploids. Besides confirmation of endomitosis induction through the obtained hexaploids, SSR markers revealed that the FEC/colchicine strategy also resulted in loss of allelic diversity in 39 regenerated HT plantlets, demonstrating its genotoxic effect. Considering these results, the present procedure resolved the main bottlenecks for chromosome doubling, which have been reported since the discovery and isolation of the anti-tubulin colchicine in 1930. Hexaploid HT plantlets have enriched Coffea germplasm banks as a new genetic resource since the resolution of their karyotype and DNA sequence. Just as the true allotetraploid C. arabica and the allotriploid HT ‘CIFC 4106’, the hexaploid HT is relevant to investigate the genomic and phenotypic changes arising from polyploidization events