Improving Students' Writing Skill in Descriptive Text by Using Outdoor Activity

This study is a classroom action research. The general objective of this study is improving students' writing skill through outdoor activity. While the specific objective of this research are (1) whether or not outdoor activity can increase the students' writing content of descriptive text of the second year of Mts Sudirman Kopeng Getasan. (2) it describe whether the outdoor activity can improve the students' writing skill in developing paragraph. This classroom action research was conducted at MTs Sudirman Getasan. The procedure of the research consisted of planning, action, observing, and reflection. The observation during the process of English teaching and learning was helped by the collaborator. In this research, the writer acted as a practitioner. The test was in the form of pre-test and post –test conducted in cycle 1, cycle 2, and cycle 3. The research result were: (1) using outdoor activity as a method can improve students' writing skill, its proved with the student's improvement score. The mean score of the pre-test of the students was 57 (very poor) and the mean score of the post- test 70 (good). The mean of the post-Test is higher than the mean of the pre-Test ( 64.53>56.56), the mean of the post-test in cycle 2 is higher than mean of cycle 1 (70.59>64.53) and the mean of the post –Test cycle 3 is higher than cycle 2 (74.56>70.59). the proven result of the implementation was 75%. (2) The effectiveness of using outdoor activity in improving students' writing skill is proved from the t-test and t-table in cycle 1 (9.67>2.042) which the score of t-test was higher than the score of t-table and the result of t-test and t-table in cycle 3 (15.11>2.042) also showed that the score of t-table

Pengaruh infusa herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) terhadap efek toksik aflatoksin B1 pada hepar tikus (Rattusnorvegicus) (In Vivo)

ABSTRACT Phyllanthus niruri L. (meniran) is well known and can be used for traditional treatment of various diseases such as jaundice, diarrhea, and infection of tractus urinarius. The studies showed that the extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. could be used as antihepatotoxics. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 10%, 20%, and 30% water-extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs on the rats\u27 liver treated with 15 ug aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in 0,2 ml propylene glycol, orally by tube, everyday for 16 and 24 weeks. Employing the analysis variance, significant effect was observed in serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and liver\u27s cytosol glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), but was not significant in liver\u27s cytosol glutathione S-transferase IGST). However among inter group analysis, significant decrease in SGPT and liver\u27s cytosol GPT observe only group treated with 20% water-extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs and AFB1 compared to group treated with AFB1 (

THE DOSE VARIATIONS EFFECT OF Centella asiatica ETHANOL EXTRACT ON ESCAPE LATENCY’S DISTANCE MORRIS WATER MAZE AFTER CHRONIC ELECTRICAL STRESS

Centella asiatica sp. (pegagan) has neurotropic and neuroprotective properties which inhibit deterioration of memory because of chronic electrical stress. Studies about effective dose of Centtela asiatica still continued. This study was conducted to discover the influence of pegagan extract’s dose variation intake towards memory after chronic stress. This study uses that true experimental design with pretest-posttest control design. Fifteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups randomly. Every groups are treated with chronic electrical stress for 4 weeks and aquades (KN), 300 (KN1) or 600 mg/kgBW/day (KP2) of Centella asiatica. The escape latency distance measure using Morris water maze was used to assess rats’ memory. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA and paired t-test. The average of escape latency distance before chronic electrical stress were 5,71±0,77m (KN); 4,29±0,36m (KP1); 3,81±0,47m (KP2) and after chronic electrical stress were 1,50±0,05m(KN); 1,55±0,04m(KP1); 1,82±0,11m(KP2). There were significant differences among groups after chronic electrical stress on day-1 (p=0,005) and day-3 (p=0,001). There were significant differences (p<0,05) for 3 days of escape latency test (KN), 5 days of escape latency test (KP1) and 2 days of escape latency test (KP2) from 6 days of memory measurement. In conclusion, dose variation of Centella asiatica did not affect to latency distance using Morris water maze. Ethanol extract of Centella asiatica with doses 300mg/kgBW/day could stimulate increasing memory formation after chronic electrical stress better.Keywords: Centella asiatica - chronic electrical stress– memory– Morris water maze

Pengaruh Durasi Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella asiatica sp.) terhadap Memori Spasial Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) pascastres Listrik

Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan berkaitan dengan kemampuan pegagan sebagai neurotropik dan neuroprotektif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh durasi pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan dalam peningkatan memori spasial tikus putih pascastres. Pada penelitian ini, 21 tikus jantan, usia delapan minggu dibagi dalam tiga kelompok: dua kelompok perlakuan (K1 dan K2) dan satu kelompok kontrol (KN). Kelompok perlakuan menerima ekstrak ethanol pegagan sebesar 150 mg/kgBB/ ml secara oral selama empat(K1) dan enam(K2) minggu. Kelompok kontrol akan menerima aquades 1 ml selama enam minggu. Semua kelompok akan diuji memori dengan menggunakan maze radial delapan lengan selama 12 hari sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Uji stres listrik selama 10 menit dilakukan sebelum perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase tertinggi ketepatan pemilihan lengan dalam uji maze radial 2 (UMR2) untuk KN, K1 dan K2 masing-masing sebesar 23,6%, 44,8% dan 91,71%, dengan rerata persentase masing-masing sebesar 10,24%, 14,12% dan 53,33%. Uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan bahwa persentase ketepatan pemilihan lengan berbeda secara bermakna antara satu kelompok dengan kelompok lainnya. Kesimpulannya adalah pegagan mampu meningkatkan memori spasial tikus putih pascastres dan pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan selama enam minggu memberikan efek peningkatan memori yang lebih signifikan dibanding pemberian selama empat minggu

Lamanya Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Centella asiatica sp. Meningkatkan Memori Spasial Tikus Pasca Stres Listrik

Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan berkaitan dengan kemampuan Pegagan (Centella asiatica) sebagai neurotropik dan neuroprotektif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh durasi pemberian ekstrak etanol C. asiatica dalam peningkatan memori spasial tikus putih pasca stres. Pada penelitian ini, 21 tikus jantan, umur delapan minggu dibagi dalam tiga kelompok: dua kelompok perlakuan (K1 dan K2) dan satu kelompok kontrol (KN). Kelompok perlakuan menerima ekstrak ethanol C. asiatica sebesar 150 mg/kgBB/ml secara oral selama empat (K1) dan enam (K2) minggu. Kelompok kontrol menerima aquades 1 ml selama enam minggu. Semua kelompok akan diuji memori dengan menggunakan maze radial delapan lengan selama 12 hari sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Uji stres listrik selama 10 menit dilakukan sebelum perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase tertinggi ketepatan pemilih­an lengan dalam uji maze radial 2 (UMR2) untuk KN, K1 dan K2 masing-masing sebesar 23,6%, 44,8% dan 91,71%, dengan rerata persentase masing-masing sebesar 10,24%, 14,12% dan 53,33%. Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan bahwa persentase ketepatan pemilihan lengan berbeda secara bermakna antara satu kelompok dengan kelompok lainnya. Disimpulkan bahwa C. asiatica mampu meningkatkan memori spasial tikus putih pasca stres dan pemberian ekstrak etanol C. asiatica selama enam minggu memberikan efek peningkatan memori yang lebih signifikan dibanding pemberian selama empat minggu.Previous studies have shown the ability of Centella asiatica in enhancing memory by mean of its neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. The objective of this study was to reveal the effect of C. asiatica ethanolic extract’s administration duration on spatial memory in rat after electric-stress induced. Eight weeks male rats (n=21) were devided randomly into three groups, i.e. two treated groups (K1 and K2) and one control group (KN). The rats were induced by 10 minutes electrical shock and given 150 mg/ kgBW oral C. asiatica ethanolic extract daily for four (K1) and six (K2) weeks. Control groups received 1 mL aquadest daily. The results showed that the performance which assessed by measuring the percent­age of correct-entered arm showed the maximum percentage on the accuracy of right-entering arm in radial arm maze test 2 (UMR2) of KN, K1 and K2 are respectively 23,6%, 44,8% and 91,71%, whereas the mean of percentage are 10,24%, 14,12% and 53,33%. Mann-Whitney test showed that there was significant difference among treated groups and control group (p0,05). It is concluded that C. asiatica was able to enhance spatial memory and the effect is more prominent in the group with longer period of administration duration of Pegagan ethanolic extract

Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Akar Ginseng Jawa Terhadap Tebal Lapisan CA1 Lamina Ptramidalis Hippocampus Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus)

ABSTRAK The effect of Ginseng Jawa root ethanol extract on the thickness of CA, pyramidal lamina of the hippocampus in rat (Rattus norvegicus) Background: Ginseng Jawa has similarity to Panax ginseng, which has been shown to increase the thickness of CA, pyramidal lamina of the hippocampus. Therefore, it is suspected that Ginseng Jawa may also have the similiar effect. Objective: To reveal the effect of ethanol extract of Ginseng Jawa root on the thickness of CA, hippocampus. Methods: Three month male rats {n=421, 150-200 g, were divided randomly into 6 groups, i.e. negative 1KN1,KN2) & positive (KP) control, 3 treatment (P1, P2, P3) group. Respectively, they were given aquadest (KN1}, 10% propylen glycol (KN2), 12 mg ethanol extract of Panax ginseng root/rat (KP) and 6.12 and 24 mg ethanol extract of Ginseng Jaws root/rat in 1 ml 10% propylen glycol solution(P1, P2, P3), orally, for 18 days. After rehearsal and eight-arm radial maze test, then the brains were collected for histological preparation, stained with 1% Blue Toluidin and the thickness were measured by using micrometer Results: The thickness (mm)of CA, hippocampus were 42.98±9.54 (KN1), 55±10.00 (KN2), 45.06±9.92(P1}, 57.26±15.00 (P2), 62.14±16.43 (P3) and 56.81 ±10.85 (KP). Conclusion: Ginseng Jawa root ethanol extract administered at 12 and 24 mg/rat dose has shown to increase significantly (

SELEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK TERPURIFIKASI DAUN Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray TERHADAP SEL HELA

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray is a kind of plant and traditionally used to cure various diseases. The previous research found that T.diversifolia had antiproliferation effect on colon cancer cell (Col2). Sample preparation using biossay guided extraction and partition method, could simplify the active compounds of the extract. Research on the selectivity of purified extract from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray) against HeLa cells hasn’t been known yet. The aim of this research was to find out the selectivity of purified extract of T.diversifolia’s leaves on HeLa cell compared to vero cell and to find out the Fifty Percent Inhibition Concentration (IC50), and its selectivity index. Extraction of T. diversifolia‘s leaves were done by maceration method using chloroform and methanol. Both of extract were tested by MTT cytotoxic assay on HeLa cells in vitro with serial doses (0,24 - 500μg/mL). Each group was replicated 3 times. The absorbance was read using ELISA at λ 540nm. IC50 was analyzed by probit regression on SPSS 15 for Windows. Partition (purified extract) of the active extract was done using Petroleum eter (PE), and tested by MTT cytotoxic assay on HeLa cells in vitro.  The IC50 methanol extract to HeLa cell in vitro is 1006,99μg/mL, IC50 chloroform extract is 16,61μg/mL.  The IC50 of soluble PE is 325,33μg/mL.  and IC50 of insoluble PE is 3,078μg/mL. The IC50 value of insoluble PE to Vero cell is 80,30 μg/mL. Selectivity index of purified extract (PE insoluble extract) is 26.09. Tanaman kembang bulan [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray] merupakan salah satu tanaman yang digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk berbagai penyakit. Penelitian sebelumnya menyebutkan bahwa kembang bulan memiliki efek antiproliferasi pada sel kanker kolon (Col2). Ekstraksi dan partisi termonitor dengan uji aktivitas merupakan metode untuk mengambil senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam ekstrak. Penelitian tentang selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi dari ekstrak aktif daun Kembang bulan terhadap sel HeLa belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi daun Kembang Bulan pada sel HeLa dibandingkan dengan sel Vero dan menentukan nilai IC50 serta indeks selektivitasnya. Daun kembang bulan diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut Kloroform dan Metanol. Kedua ekstrak diuji efek sitotoksiknya pada sel Hela dengan beberapa konsentrasi (0,12 s/d 250μg/mL) menggunakan metode MTT (Mosmann, 1983). Pembacaan densitas optik dengan ELISA plate reader. Persentase kematian sel dihitung dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi probit pada program SPSS 15 for Windows. Setelah diketahui nilai IC50 kedua ekstrak  tersebut, dipilih salah satu yang memiliki IC50 lebih kecil kemudian dipurifikasi dengan Petroleum Eter (PE) dan diuji kembali pada sel HeLa, sari yang aktif diuji juga selektivitasnya dengan sel Vero, kemudian dihitung nilai IC50 nya. Nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol sebesar 1006,99μg/mL, ekstrak Kloroform sebesar 16,61μg/mL. Nilai IC50 sari larut PE sebesar 325,331μg/mL dan IC50 sari tidak larut PE sebesar 3,078μg/mL dan nilai IC50 pada sel vero adalah 80,30μg/mL. Nilai indeks selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi (sari tidak larut PE) adalah 26.09.

Effect of water extract of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) on toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 in liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) (in Vivo)

Phyllanthus niruri L. (meniran) is well known and can be used for traditional treatment of various diseases such as jaundice, diarrhea, and infection of tractus urinarius. The studies showed that the extract of Phyllanthus nirurl L. could be used as antihepatotoxics. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 10%, 20%. and 30% water-extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs on the rats' liver treated with 15 ug aflatoxin 131 (AFB1) In 0,2 ml propylene glycol, orally by tube, everyday for 16 and 24 weeks. Employing the analysis variance, significant effect was observed in serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and liver's cytosol glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), but was not significant in liver's cytosol glutathione S-transferase (GST). However among inter group analysis, significant decrease in SGPT and liver's cytosol GPT observe only group treated with 20% water-extract of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs and AFB1 compared to group treated with AFB1  (p<0,05). The study also demonstrated that 20% water-extract Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs could prevent metaplasia, hyperplasia, and proliferation of the bile duct epithellial cells and altered foci in the hepatocytes were caused by AFB1.Keyword : aflatoxin 131 - glutamate-pyruvate transaminase - glutathion S-transferase - Phyllanthus niruri L. - rat's live

Preskripsi Antibiotika Pada Anak: Tinjauan Tentang Dosis Dan bentuk Sediaannya

Dosage pattern of antibiotics for children and their availability forms prescribed by physicians were studied. The objectives of this study were to investigate the systematic antibiotic dosage and their availability forms prescribed by doctors for children under 12 years old and the problems that may raised. The investigation was conducted using 484 samples selected randomly on five pharmacies in Yogyakarta in December 1931. The results indicated that the antibiotics widely used were co4rimoxazol (37.3%), amoxycillin (221%), ampicillin (17.4%), and erythromycin (11.3%). The dosage range of those antibiotics given to the each of age group was large. The wide range of dosage might be due to the differences on the references and method of dosage calculation for children. The methods mostly used by the doctors were the standard dosage from USP,DI (1990) and were based on the ideal (minimum) body weight. The results also showed that about 18.4% of the samples were lower than the standard prescription and 44.7% of them was ampicillin. Almost ampicillln was given In syrup form and was lower than recommended standard dosage. The study also found that the availability form mostly prescribed by the doctors was pulveres. It is necessarely to study further the effect of the variety and the wide range of dosage of antibiotics prescribed by doctors for children and their solution in order to achieve the optimal benefit of clinics without resulting negative effects on children. Key words: prescription, antibiotic, dosage form, childre