Teknik Analisis Non-Invasif Mitokondria DNA (MtDNA) BILOU (Hylobates klossii, Miller 1903) Melalui Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstrak : Teknik analisis non-invasif untuk mitochondria DNA bilou (Hylobates klossii) dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) adalah teknik molekuler yang dapat mendukung kesejahteraan hewan. Analisis non-invasif dari sampel tinja dapat menentukan sampel DNA dari daerah kontrol pada rRNA 12S. Sampel tinja dikumpulkan dari tiga pulau yang berbeda (Sipora, Siberut dan Pagai) dengan total 39 sampel yang diekstraksi untuk DNA. Analisis dilakukan di laboratorium Genetika Zoologi LIPI, Cibinong pada bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2005. Hasil tes PCR yang digunakan Qiagen QIAamp ® DNA stool mini kit dan elektroforesis dapat menunjukkan bahwa sampel DNA dapat ditampilkan bahkan dalam konsentrasi terendah dari pengukuran spektrofotometer. Dengan demikian, hal itu dapat menjadi referensi baru di penelitian masa depan sebagai indikator konservasi manajemen yang sesuai dengan peraturan kesejahteraan hewan yang baik. Polaroid foto dari rRNA 12S (L = 1.091, H = 1478) yang diambil dengan transluminator UV dan kamera Polaroid MP4 dari produk PCR dengan annealing digunakan pada suhu 50oC dalam 30 detik, menunjukkan hasil dari pita penanda elektroforesis DNA berukuran antara 750 sampai 815 pb DNA ladder.Abstract: Polymerase Chain Reaction is a non invasive molecular technique that can support animal welfare.  Non-invasie analysis from fecal sample can determine DNA samples from the control region on 12S rRNA.  Fecal samples were collected from three different islands (Sipora, Siberut and Pagai) with a total of 39 samples were extracted for DNA.  The analyses were done at the laboratory of Genetic Zoology LIPI, Cibinong in July until August 2005. The results of the PCR test which used Qiagen QIAamp® DNA stool mini kit and electrophoresis can show that the sample displays the quality DNA from the fecal sample even in the lowest concentration of the spectrophotometer measurements.  Thus, it has become a new reference in future research as an indicator of good management conservation in line with excellent animal welfare rules. The polaroid photos of the 12S rRNA (L=1091, H=1478) taken with UV transluminator and MP4 polaroid camera from the PCR products with annealing used at 50oC in 30 seconds, shows the results of this running process of electrophoresis DNA sized marker band processes between 750 until 815 pb DNA ladder.Key words: Hylobates klossii, bilou, mtDNA, PCR, 12S rRNA, non-invasive technique

Orang-utans’ (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) Activity Pattern in Camp Release and Feeding Site of Lamandau Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Borneo, Indonesia

The Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) release process at Lamandau Wildlife Reserve applies the soft-release method. In this method, there is still provisioning additional food on the feeding site by human. The existence of camp release and feeding sites in the vicinity of release forests is assumed to have an impact on orang-utans’ activity patterns. This assumption is related to the principle of releasing them into their natural forest habitat, namely by reducing direct interaction between humans and orang-utans. The aims of this research were: (i) to measure the intensities of orang-utan presence on camp and feeding site, (ii) to analyze the correlation between phenology and orang-utan’s presence on camp and feeding site, and (iii) to assess orang-utan’s activity budgets, diet composition, and vertical used on camp, feeding site, and forest. Activity budgets of five group orang-utans with different categories based on age and sex were compared using the focal animal sampling method and instantaneous records. The analysis showed no correlation between the intensities of orang-utan presence and phenology. However, there were significant differences in activity patterns between adult and adolescent orang-utans. The findings revealed that adult orang-utans activity pattern tended to be high in resting at all observation locations while adolescents spending more their activity for feeding. Orang-utans at 0-10 m of height classes tend to do more activity. Almost all orang-utans feed on a non-forest diet (45-67%) in the camp release, feeding site, and surrounding. We assumed that the existence of a camp release and feeding site near the release point are affecting factors in a successful reintroduction of ex-rehabilitate orang-utans.  

NESTING BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS OF ORANGUTAN (PONGO PYGMAEUS MORIO) IN COAL MINING AREA IN EAST KALIMANTAN

Coal mining changed forest structure and composition, it caused large negative impacts on the orangutan. In order to mitigate those negative effects, it is crucial to understand their nesting behavior adaptation in mining area. We investigated 74 times nested event in coal mining rehabilition area (CMRA) in East Kutai and 123 times in the Kutai National Park (Prevab) from October 2013 to September 2014 and include only night nests. We compared both habitats. Orangutans in CMRA built the nest later than in Prevab and used 15 species of trees as nests sites intensively on Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea. In Prevab, 35 species with the higher frequencies on Eusideroxylon zwageri and Dracontomelon dao. The average diameter of nest trees in CMRA smaller than Prevab. The height of nest trees in CMRA with the highest frequency was in 10.1-15 m, while in Prevab was as in 20.1-25 m. Orangutans in CMRA nested at the height of <15 m, lower than in Prevab was >20 m. Reused nest in CMRA was higher than in Prevab. Orangutans in CMRA more often built nests at the peak and limb, while in Prevab at the limb and peak. Orangutans in CMRA had learned to utilize various species and dimensions of trees as the place to build nests

Characteristic of Orangutan Habitat in Coal Mining Rehabilition Area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The majority of wild orangutans are found outside of the protected areas, including in coal mining areas which generally overlapping with orangutan habitat. Thereby, mining ensured a direct impact on orangutans. Opportunities orangutans to survive in the mining area depends on various factors, one of them is the ability of orangutan to adapt to habitat change. We investigated habitat characteristics in the coal mining area consist of land cover types, species composition, and the structure of vegetation. Data were collected from April to September 2014 in the coal mining rehabilitation area (CMRA) of PT KPC in East Kutai. Mining caused the natural habitat fragmented into smaller patches in the form of CMRA and natural forests remaining. The forest stand in CMRA compiled by the small trees of the same species and age class. It caused the canopy is not always continue. Food trees and nest trees were limited in CMRA. Exotic species dominated in CMRA, namely: Senna siamea, Falcataria moluccana, and Senna surattensis. CMRA is not the good habitat for orangutan if seen from the aspect of either structure or vegetation composition. The quality of habitat can be improved by modifying the structure and vegetation composition, build the ecosystem corridors, increase public awareness, and involve various stakeholders at the landscape level

Habitat Characteristic of Pongo pygmaeus morio in Prevab Area, Kutai National Park, Borneo, Indonesia

The population of Bornean Orangutan now isolated in many habitat fragments. Prevab area in the Kutai National Park (Prevab KNP) is one of the few important natural habitats of Pongo pygmaeus morio remaining in East Kalimantan. Botanical assessments such as floristic composition, forest structure, and food sources availability studies are essential in view of their value in understanding the extent of the forest as an orangutan habitat and ecosystems. In this study, we investigate tree species composition, structure of forest stand, and distribution of orangutan food trees in the Prevab KNP. This study was carried out in the Prevab area (Orangutan Research Station in the Kutai National Park), East Kutai, East Kalimantan from October 2013 to September 2014. The structure data collection used the botanical plot of 0.6 ha and 1 ha for tree species composition. We were determined the number, total height, diameter of breast high, height of clear bole, the height of maximum crown width, and the crown width of all tree species. Food trees were determined based on the direct observation, the information of community and staff of national parks, observed the after-eating signs of the orangutan, and the works of literature study. Important Value Index is the pattern of calculation used to decide the dominant vegetation ecologically in the study area. The structure of forest stand was described in the form of architecture profile (horizontal and vertical). The food trees describe in the form of distribution map. Tree species (dbh ?5 cm) found in the botanical plot represented at least 148 species, 85 genera, and 43 families. The study plots are dominated by Cananga odorata. The trees density with ?5 cm dbh was 864 trees/ha, the average dbh o

Characteristic of Orangutan Habitat in Coal Mining Rehabilition Area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The majority of wild orangutans are found outside of the protected areas, including in coal mining areas which generally overlapping with orangutan habitat. Thereby, mining ensured a direct impact on orangutans. Opportunities orangutans to survive in the mining area depends on various factors, one of them is the ability of orangutan to adapt to habitat change. We investigated habitat characteristics in the coal mining area consist of land cover types, species composition, and the structure of vegetation. Data were collected from April to September 2014 in the coal mining rehabilitation area (CMRA) of PT KPC in East Kutai. Mining caused the natural habitat fragmented into smaller patches in the form of CMRA and natural forests remaining. The forest stand in CMRA compiled by the small trees of the same species and age class. It caused the canopy is not always continue. Food trees and nest trees were limited in CMRA. Exotic species dominated in CMRA, namely: Senna siamea, Falcataria moluccana, and Senna surattensis. CMRA is not the good habitat for orangutan if seen from the aspect of either structure or vegetation composition. The quality of habitat can be improved by modifying the structure and vegetation composition, build the ecosystem corridors, increase public awareness, and involve various stakeholders at the landscape level

Quantifying Killing of Orangutans and Human-Orangutan Conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Human-orangutan conflict and hunting are thought to pose a serious threat to orangutan existence in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. No data existed prior to the present study to substantiate these threats. We investigated the rates, spatial distribution and causes of conflict and hunting through an interview-based survey in the orangutan's range in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Between April 2008 and September 2009, we interviewed 6983 respondents in 687 villages to obtain socio-economic information, assess knowledge of local wildlife in general and orangutan encounters specifically, and to query respondents about their knowledge on orangutan conflicts and killing, and relevant laws. This survey revealed estimated killing rates of between 750 and 1800 animals killed in the last year, and between 1950 and 3100 animals killed per year on average within the lifetime of the survey respondents. These killing rates are higher than previously thought and are high enough to pose a serious threat to the continued existence of orangutans in Kalimantan. Importantly, the study contributes to our understanding of the spatial variation in threats, and the underlying causes of those threats, which can be used to facilitate the development of targeted conservation management

Why Don't We Ask? A Complementary Method for Assessing the Status of Great Apes

Species conservation is difficult. Threats to species are typically high and immediate. Effective solutions for counteracting these threats, however, require synthesis of high quality evidence, appropriately targeted activities, typically costly implementation, and rapid re-evaluation and adaptation. Conservation management can be ineffective if there is insufficient understanding of the complex ecological, political, socio-cultural, and economic factors that underlie conservation threats. When information about these factors is incomplete, conservation managers may be unaware of the most urgent threats or unable to envision all consequences of potential management strategies. Conservation research aims to address the gap between what is known and what knowledge is needed for effective conservation. Such research, however, generally addresses a subset of the factors that underlie conservation threats, producing a limited, simplistic, and often biased view of complex, real world situations. A combination of approaches is required to provide the complete picture necessary to engage in effective conservation. Orangutan conservation (Pongo spp.) offers an example: standard conservation assessments employ survey methods that focus on ecological variables, but do not usually address the socio-cultural factors that underlie threats. Here, we evaluate a complementary survey method based on interviews of nearly 7,000 people in 687 villages in Kalimantan, Indonesia. We address areas of potential methodological weakness in such surveys, including sampling and questionnaire design, respondent biases, statistical analyses, and sensitivity of resultant inferences. We show that interview-based surveys can provide cost-effective and statistically robust methods to better understand poorly known populations of species that are relatively easily identified by local people. Such surveys provide reasonably reliable estimates of relative presence and relative encounter rates of such species, as well as quantifying the main factors that threaten them. We recommend more extensive use of carefully designed and implemented interview surveys, in conjunction with more traditional field methods

Monthly range of adolescent orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) based on fruit availability in Tuanan Orangutan Research Station, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Adolescent orangutans become competitors with mothers supporting newborn infants. Thus, adolescent orangutans must coordinate with other orangutans in order to find fruit. How adolescent orangutans respond is reflected in the size and utilization of their home range area. The aims of our research were to determine (i) fruit availability, as an important component of orangutan diet, (ii) and the effect of fruit availability on home range use by adolescent orangutan. This research was conducted from August 2013 to July 2014 in Tuanan Orangutan Research Station, Central Kalimantan. The fruit trail method was used to estimate abundance of fruits (both from trees and lianas).Fallen fruit on census trails was assessed once per month, while focal animal sampling was used to estimate the home range by tagging a GPS point every 30 minutes during the tracking of an orangutan. In total, 62 tree and 15 liana species included in the known orangutan diet were fruiting during this study period. The highest period of fruit abundance for orangutan food occurred in November until January. Adolescent orangutans responded by increasing their monthly ranging area during this time of high fruit availability and decreased their range when fruit vailability was low. Adolescent orangutans often used areas in their monthly range that had a high to medium abundance of fruit trees. When the number of trees bearing fruit decreased (low period), adolescent orangutans changed their monthly range to areas that consisted of mediu