ADHD: The Lifespan and Effects from Adolescence through Adulthood

ADHD: THE LIFESPAN AND EFFECTS 4 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to help educate individuals on the choices that aid in the treatment plans, for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, that are available and the long term impacts in which treatment could have on their physical body, social life, emotional well being. This paper explores the cause, symptoms, and treatments available for individuals with ADHD. Current treatment options include medication, essential oils, and multiple therapies that include, fantasy play, cognitive, behavior, etc. This paper, also, identifies the impact of the different symptoms on a gender basis and across the life-span including infancy, early childhood, adolescence, adults, and the elderly. Academic and social supports that are available throughout an individual\u27s time at school (primary through college) are also discussed. This paper also explores the impact on an individual with ADHD’s educational and professional experiences in order to look at the disorder as a whole in part and not just it’s components. Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, medications, long term effects, brain disorder

Interpersonal polyvictimization and mental health in males

A consistent conclusion within the extant literature is that victimization and in particular polyvictimization leads to adverse mental health outcomes. A large body of literature exists as it pertains to the association between victimisation and mental health in studies utilising samples of childhood victims, female only victims, and samples of male and female victims; less research exists as it relates to males victims of interpersonal violence. The aim of the current study was therefore to identify profiles of interpersonal victimizations in an exclusively male sample and to assess their differential impact on a number of adverse mental health outcomes. Using data from 14,477 adult males from Wave 2 of the NESARC, we identified interpersonal victimization profiles via Latent Class Analysis. Multinomial Logistic Regression was subsequently utilized to establish risk across mental health disorders. A 4-class solution was optimal. Victimisation profiles showed elevated odds ratios for the presence of mental health disorders; suggesting that multiple life-course victimisation typologies exists, and that victimization is strongly associated with psychopathology. Several additional notable findings are discussed

Ectoparasites of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Grenada, West Indies

Background and Aim: Arthropod ectoparasites (mites, lice, ticks, and fleas) on common house rats or brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are known to transmit zoonotic pathogens and diminish rat health. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published information regarding the prevalence of ectoparasites on R. norvegicus in Grenada. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of ectoparasites present on brown rats from Grenada. Materials and Methods: One hundred sixty-eight rats were collected live from the parishes of St. George and St. David, Grenada, from May to July 2017. Following euthanasia, external parasites were collected using fine combs, thumb forceps, and paper tape. Tape samples and free specimens were placed in containers with 70% ethanol. External parasites were evaluated using dissection microscopy. Results: Over 2000 ectoparasites were collected from 149 of the 168 trapped rats (88.7%). Ectoparasites identified included mesostigmatid mites (found on 84.6% of infested rats), fur mites in the families Atopomelidae and Listrophoridae (67.1%), Polyplax spp. lice (6.7%), fleas (3.4%), an unidentified larval tick (0.7%), and a mite in the family Myobiidae (0.7%). Infestation rates were higher in St. David Parish (86/89; 96.6%) than in St. George Parish (63/79; 79.7%) (p=0.001). When comparing sex and age, males had a marginal increase in infestation rate (83/89; 93.3%) compared to females (66/79; 83.5%) (p=0.054), and adults had an infestation rate of 90.7% (97/107) compared to juvenile rats who had a 66.7% (14/21) infestation rate. Conclusion: Brown rats in Grenada are heavily infested with ectoparasites, including known vectors of pathogens. Future studies will examine the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in these arthropods