Mumeisha Machiya Kyoto (JP)

Machiya are traditional wooden dwellings that are still very common in Japanese cities. The combination of dwelling and work space is anchored in the genesis of this dwelling type, which was built by the merchants and craftsmen of old. The original use included the display of goods in the shop (mise) on the street side and living space for families in the rooms at the back. The sleeping quarters of the staff were on the upper floor and kimonos and other valuable possessions were kept safe in the storage room (kura), the ‘treasury’ at the back of the courtyard. The urban structure consists of a grid of squares, with the machiya forming more or less closed building blocks. In some cases blocks are dissected by smaller streets and divided into fragments. Mumeisha Machiya, a beautiful example of a largely traditional machiya, was built in 1909 by a family of silk traders named Yoshida. Machiya stand side by side on narrow, deep plots, with one or more patios providing outdoor space and daylight. Characteristic is the toriniwa, the long corridor along the side wall. In Mumeisha Machiya, the toriniwa successively houses the entrance, a waiting room, a well, the kitchen and closets and opens onto the backyard, near the kura. Its floor is stone-like and outdoor shoes are worn here, unlike in the slightly higher spaces that are covered in tatami mats or wood. The toriniwa is ‘neither inside nor outside’. It threads the rooms of the house together and embodies the gradual transition from the public space of the street to the private space at the back. The urban logistic system of main streets, side streets and alleys ends in the toriniwa, where a curtain and sliding doors are passed as one slowly works one’s way into the private domain.Een machiya is een traditionele houten woning die in Japanse steden nog veel voorkomt. De combinatie wonen/werken is verankerd in de ontstaansgeschiedenis van dit woningtype, dat werd gebouwd door koop- en ambachtslieden. In het oorspronkelijke gebruik werden de goederen uitgestald in de winkel (mise) aan de straat, het wonen gebeurde in de vertrekken daarachter, personeel sliep op de verdieping en de kimono’s en andere waardevolle bezittingen waren veilig opgeslagen in de berging (kura) als ‘schatkamer’ achter op het erf. De stedelijke structuur bestaat uit een grid van vierkanten waarbij de machiya een min of meer gesloten bouwblok vormen. Soms wordt dat bouwblok doorsneden door kleinere straten en opgedeeld in fragmenten. Mumeisha Machiya is een prachtig voorbeeld met een grotendeels traditionele opzet, gebouwd in 1909 door de familie Yoshida die handelde in zijde. Machiya staan zij aan zij op smalle, diepe kavels, waarbij een of meerdere patio’s voorzien in buitenruimte en daglicht. Kenmerkend is de toriniwa, de lange gang langs de zijwand. In Mumeisha Machiya bevat de toriniwa opeenvolgend de ingang, een wachtruimte, een waterput, de keuken, kastruimten en ze eindigt op de achterplaats bij de kura. De vloer is steenachtig en wordt met schoenen betreden, anders dan de iets hoger gelegen ruimten die met tatami-matten of houten delen bedekt zijn. De toriniwa is ‘niet binnen’ en ‘niet buiten’. Hij rijgt de ruimten van de woning aaneen en vormt de graduele overgang tussen de straat als publieke ruimte en de privéruimten verder naar achter. Het logistieke systeem van hoofdstraten, zijstraten en stegen mondt uit in de toriniwa, waarin je een gordijn en schuifdeuren passeert om langzaam door te dringen tot het privédomein

Everyday Heritage

In improving the sustainability of our built environment, European institutions emphasize the importance of protecting and advancing cultural values. As most of the stock is not listed, nor is its heritage significance assessed, future sustainable developments risk neglecting present attributes, causing the loss of resources and their significance. This problem applies to 1965-1985 Dutch housing, comprising over 30% of the stock, with no clarity on its heritage significance. This thesis aims to reveal significant attributes of residential neighbourhoods, built in The Netherlands between 1965-1985, as identified by involved stakeholders. A research framework integrating attributes, stakeholders and scales, is used to examine case studies in Almere Haven and Amsterdam Zuidoost. The identification of attributes results from open-ended questioning by multiple participatory methods. A process of inductive analysis, classifying and relating attributes revealed categories, chains, and networks of attributes, representing a shared neighbourhood narrative. Results show that attributes can be identified on successive scale levels in tangible and intangible categories. Participants convey significance to attributes originally intended and to attributes added or changed later, to attributes specific to 1965-1985 neighbourhoods and to more generic ones. Different stakeholder groups and individuals do not disagree in their assessments but focus on different attribute categories and scale levels. By combining a broad definition of heritage and participatory methods to identify attributes, this thesis bridges the gap between listed heritage and everyday neighbourhoods. Further developing and applying this approach can support the sustainable development of our built environment, informed by heritage significance, regardless of heritage status

The Future of Structuralism

Structuralism represents an architecture that can interact, grow and adapt. The buildings can be recognised by their vivid open structures, composition of small units, and a spatial organisation like a city. As a reaction to CIAM functionalism, the avant-garde members of Team 10 proposed inclusive and social space and a more human form of urbanism and architecture. Starting in 1959, Dutch Structuralism became a very influential movement in the development of architecture in The Netherlands. Structuralism has been the focus of the 2017- 2018 educational programme of the Section Heritage & Architecture at the Delft Faculty of Architecture. It has been a resounding success and is has been a pleasure to see so many young designers being inspired by the works and concepts of what is one of the most influential movements in post-war architecture in the Netherlands. In various Master studios, 64 students have surveyed and analysed four icons of Structuralism before embarking on a redesign project for their adaptive re-use: the Centraal Beheer office building, designed by Herman Hertzberger, the Faculty of Arts building and the Willibrordus Church, both designed by Joop van Stigt, and Aldo van Eyck’s Pastor van Ars Church in The Hague. This project ‘The Future of Structuralism’ shows our search for what Structuralism is and our assessment of some of its opportunities and shortcomings. But most importantly, it focusses on potential strategies for reuse. The structure of this booklet is thematic. By focusing on several themes that were important in Structuralism, we aim to link ideology, current examples from practice of transformed Structuralist buildings and design strategies. Through an exhibition, a debate and this publication, we hope to bring the work from within the chair to a wider audience and add new perspectives to the debate on the movement and its future values

Ons dagelijks erfgoed

In the Netherlands there are few people who build their own homes. The majority of the population lives in a house that was built in the past. Designed and made with different ideas, for families with different wishes and habits to ours. The adaptation of homes for current times is therefore normal and necessary, and is a continuous process. In his book How to Make a Home, Edward Hollis compares the way in which people occupy a house with a cuckoo’s habits.1 This bird has made a speciality of taking possession of another bird’s nest and adapting it to its own needs. People alter, decorate and furnish in order to turn the house they encounter into a personal little nest. However, other rules apply when this concerns a special ‘nest’. If a dwelling or residential building is listed as a monument, it is protected in the public interest because of its cultural-historical value. A home with a monumental status cannot simply be altered to meet contemporary residential preferences without further ado; the building (or sections of it) are ‘frozen’ in the past. This seems to be incompatible with the human desire to modify and appropriate a home. Does protected status stand in the way of habitation?Er zijn in Nederland maar weinig mensen die hun eigen huis bouwen. Het merendeel van de bevolking bewoont een woning die in het verleden is gebouwd. Ontworpen en gemaakt met andere ideeën, voor gezinnen met andere wensen en gewoonten dan de onze. Het aanpassen van woningen aan de huidige tijd is daarom normaal en noodzakelijk, en is een continu proces. In zijn boek How to make a Home vergelijkt Edward Hollis de wijze waarop de mens een huis bewoont met een koekoek.1 Die heeft het tot zijn specialiteit gemaakt om bezit te nemen van andermans nest en het aan te passen aan zijn eigen behoeften. De mens verbouwt, decoreert en meubileert om van een aangetroffen huis een eigen nestje te maken. Wanneer het echter een bijzonder ‘nest’ betreft, gelden er andere regels. Als een woonhuis of woongebouw een monument is, wordt het in het algemeen belang beschermd vanwege de cultuurhistorische waarde. Een woning met een monumentale status kan dan niet zonder meer aangepast worden aan hedendaagse woonwensen; het gebouw (of delen daarvan) worden ‘bevroren’ in het verleden. Dit lijkt strijdig met de menselijke wens om een woning aan te passen en zich eigen te maken. Staat bescherming bewoning in de weg

Discovering the Significance of Housing Neighbourhoods by Assessing Their Attributes With a Digital Tool

Much of the building stock subjected to the upcoming European Renovation Wave is neither listed as heritage nor considered valuable architecture. This also applies to Dutch housing built between 1965 and 1985, more than 30% of the Dutch housing stock, for which there is no consensus on their cultural significance. Their successful renovation process requires broad support. What attributes do citizens consider significant in their neighbourhood? How do we include a multitude of stakeholders? And can digital methods help collect and process responses? This article reveals significant attributes of residential neighbourhoods from 1965 to 1985, assessed by various stakeholders with a digital tool based on case studies in Amsterdam and Almere. A mobile application allowed individuals to identify significant attributes at various scales while visiting the neighbourhood. By qualitative data analysis of survey and interview results, groups of tangible and intangible attributes were deduced. Results show that identifying attributes by current stakeholders broadens existing expert-led assessments on 1965–1985 neighbourhoods by including, for example, generic attributes not originally intended by the designers. Asking open-ended questions is considered essential to identify undiscovered attributes by alternative stakeholders, although dealing with large numbers of responses is recognised as a challenge to cluster and classify. Lastly, the mobile application appears to be a useful digital tool, but integrating scientific consistency and usability is recommended for further development. Engaging multiple stakeholders with such mobile applications allows for collecting opinions, anticipating conflicts, or shared interests between stakeholders and integration into renovation designs. It can empower citizens to preserve the neighbourhood attributes that are most significant to them

Childhood abuse and adult sociocognitive skills : distinguishing between self and other following early trauma

Experience of childhood abuse (CA) impairs complex social functioning in children; however, much less is known about its effects on basic sociocognitive processes and even fewer studies have investigated these in adult survivors. Using two behavioral tasks, this study investigated spontaneous theory of mind (ToM) and imitative behavior in 41 women with CA and 26 unaffected comparison (UC) women. In the spontaneous ToM task, UCs showed a larger ToM index than CAs, indicating more facilitation by knowledge of another's false belief. In the imitation-inhibition task, CAs experienced less interference than UCs when observing another's incongruent movements. After controlling for depression, differences in ToM became marginally significant, yet remained highly significant for inhibiting imitative behavior. The findings suggest CA survivors have altered perspective-taking and are less influenced by others' perspectives, potentially due to changes in self-other distinction. Clinical implications regarding therapeutic practice with survivors of CA are discussed

Exploratory Talks as a Tool for Co-Diagnosis: Comparative Analysis of Residential Neighbourhoods in New Belgrade & Almere Haven

[Intro] The paper introduces a participatory tool for assessment of the Middle-Class Mass Housing (MCMH) in Europe that was simultaneously applied in two studies, on the two cases New Belgrade (Serbia) and Almere Haven (The Netherlands). The studies were exploring the values, problems and opportunities of these residential neighbourhoods through the eyes of their residents. [Method] A comparative analysis reveals contrasting and complementary aspects of the two cases. Exploratory interviews and surveys were used to collect testimonies of residents, informing the method of assessment (co-diagnosis) in residential neighbourhoods. By applying the same tool and comparing results, the paper contributes to a validation of this method for research on MCMH neighbourhoods in different regions and for different MCMH typologies and scales. [Result] The paper highlights some main themes of residents’ analysis of their neighbourhood’s strengths and weaknesses. Aspects discussed are, among others, deterioration (technical, functional, social), sense of community, place attachment, maintenance and taking care, ownership and appropriation, quality of public spaces and green areas, satisfaction and comfort. Both researches are still in development, but some preliminary conclusions can be sketched. Although both cases were built in the same decades (1970s-80s), they seem to hold opposite architectural and urban characteristics. New Belgrade is composed of modernist blocks with mass housing types in a high-rise urban pattern with mainly collective green spaces. Almere Haven is a suburban low-rise pattern and consists of a wide variety of typologies, materials and a range of private, collective and public green spaces. However, the residents’ opinions and assessments show many similarities, regarding the themes they address and the values and problems they identify. [Value for MCMH] The paper illustrates the diversity of MCMH in two different European regions and projects, identifying the broad scope that is needed to assess MCMH. Moreover, the method of exploratory talks with residents is identified as an important participatory tool within the broader analytical framework for MCMH neighbourhoods

Planning History of a Dutch New Town: Analysing Lelystad through Its Residential Neighbourhoods

This article seeks to analyse the reciprocal influence between the post-war urban planning policies and the development of residential neighbourhoods in Lelystad between 1965 and 1990. This city has been designed ‘from scratch’ as the urban centre of the IJsselmeer Polders, the largest land reclamation project of the Netherlands. Lelystad’s neighbourhood development will be described and contextualised in the Dutch New Towns planning policy (1960–1985), which intended to avoid increasing congestion in the most densely populated area in the Netherlands: the Randstad. Lelystad is seen as a significant case. This New Town exemplifies the evolution in urban planning in The Netherlands in the second half of the twentieth century. Cornelis van Eesteren, who had presided over the CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) from 1930 to 1947, was responsible for the urban design in 1964, based on the principles of the Modern city and the functionalist design of residential neighbourhoods. However, Van Eesteren was dismissed, and his plan was modified. The successive urban plans, elaborated by the IJsselmeer Polders Development Authority (a public body for the development of the polders), adopted a technical and practical approach, and later moved to functionally integrated neighbourhoods, based on more organic ‘Woonerf’ theories. The research investigates the relationship between the general and the particular by studying the socioeconomic and political context that conditioned the Dutch New Towns and the specific urban and architectural characteristics of a selection of residential ensembles in Lelystad’s neighbourhoods. Furthermore, the research seeks to illustrate the relevance and the influence of both urban planning policies and the effective design of residential configurations

Infarct-related chronic total coronary occlusion and the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors

Introduction: Chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) has been identified as a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias, especially a CTO in an infarct-related artery (IRA). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an IRA-CTO on the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events (VTEs) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors without ST-segment elevation. Methods: We conducted a post hoc analysis of the COACT trial, a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Patients were included when they survived index hospitalisation after cardiac arrest and demonstrated coronary artery disease on coronary angiography. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a VTE, defined as appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia or sudden cardiac death. Results: A total of 163 patients from ten centres were included. Unrevascularised IRA-CTO in a main vessel was present in 43 patients (26%). Overall, 61% of the study population received an ICD for secondary prevention. During a follow-up of 1 year, 12 patients (7.4%) experienced at least one VTE. The cumulative incidence rate of VTEs was higher in patients with an IRA-CTO compared to patients without an IRA-CTO (17.4% vs 5.6%, log-rank p = 0.03). However, multivariable analysis only identified left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% as an independent factor associated with VTEs (adjusted hazard ratio 8.7, 95% confidence interval 2.2–35.4). A subanalysis focusing on CTO, with or without an infarct in the CTO territory, did not change the results. Conclusion: In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors with coronary artery disease without ST-segment elevation, an IRA-CTO was not an independent factor associated with VTEs in the 1st year after the index event