9,519 research outputs found
Magmatic intrusions control Io's crustal thickness
Io, the most volcanically active body in the solar system, loses heat through
eruptions of hot lava. Heat is supplied by tidal heating and is thought to be
transferred through the mantle by magmatic segregation, a mode of transport
that sets it apart from convecting terrestrial planets. We present a model that
couples magmatic transport of tidal heat to the volcanic system in the crust,
in order to determine the controls on crustal thickness, magmatic intrusions,
and eruption rates. We demonstrate that magmatic intrusions are a key component
of Io's crustal heat balance; around 80% of the magma delivered to the base of
the crust must be emplaced and frozen as plutons to match rough estimates of
crustal thickness. As magma ascends from a partially molten mantle into the
crust, a decompacting boundary layer forms, which can explain inferred
observations of a high-melt-fraction region.Comment: Accepted to JGR:Planets. 24 pages inc appendices and references. 7
figure
A Matrix Hyperbolic Cosine Algorithm and Applications
In this paper, we generalize Spencer's hyperbolic cosine algorithm to the
matrix-valued setting. We apply the proposed algorithm to several problems by
analyzing its computational efficiency under two special cases of matrices; one
in which the matrices have a group structure and an other in which they have
rank-one. As an application of the former case, we present a deterministic
algorithm that, given the multiplication table of a finite group of size ,
it constructs an expanding Cayley graph of logarithmic degree in near-optimal
O(n^2 log^3 n) time. For the latter case, we present a fast deterministic
algorithm for spectral sparsification of positive semi-definite matrices, which
implies an improved deterministic algorithm for spectral graph sparsification
of dense graphs. In addition, we give an elementary connection between spectral
sparsification of positive semi-definite matrices and element-wise matrix
sparsification. As a consequence, we obtain improved element-wise
sparsification algorithms for diagonally dominant-like matrices.Comment: 16 pages, simplified proof and corrected acknowledging of prior work
in (current) Section
Hydrologic controls on seasonal and inter-annual variability of Congo River particulate organic matter source and reservoir age
We present dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, particulate organic matter (POM) composition (δ13C, δ15N, ∆14C, N/C), and particulate glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) distributions from a 34-month time-series near the mouth of the Congo River. An end-member mixing model using δ13C and N/C indicates that exported POM is consistently dominated by C3 rainforest soil sources, with increasing contribution from C3 vegetation and decreasing contribution from phytoplankton at high discharge. Large C4 inputs are never observed despite covering ≈ 13% of the catchment. Low and variable ∆14C values during 2011 [annual mean = (− 148 ± 82) ‰], when discharge from left-bank tributaries located in the southern hemisphere reached record lows, likely reflect a bias toward pre-aged POM derived from the Cuvette Congolaise swamp forest. In contrast, ∆14C values were stable near − 50‰ between January and June 2013, when left-bank discharge was highest. We suggest that headwater POM is replaced and/or diluted by C3 vegetation and pre-aged soils during transit through the Cuvette Congolaise, whereas left-bank tributaries export significantly less pre-aged material. GDGT distributions provide further evidence for seasonal and inter-annual variability in soil provenance. The cyclization of branched tetraethers and the GDGT-0 to crenarchaeol ratio are positively correlated with discharge (r ≥ 0.70; p-value ≤ 4.3 × 10− 5) due to the incorporation of swamp-forest soils when discharge from right-bank tributaries located in the northern hemisphere is high. Both metrics reach record lows during 2013, supporting our interpretation of increased left-bank contribution at this time. We conclude that hydrologic variability is a major control of POM provenance in the Congo River Basin and that tropical wetlands can be a significant POM source despite their small geographic coverage
The influence of various factors upon the growth and quality of fine wool as obtained from Merino Sheep
Cherenkov Radiation from Pairs and Its Effect on Induced Showers
We calculate the Cherenkov radiation from an pair at small
separations, as occurs shortly after a pair conversion. The radiation is
reduced (compared to that from two independent particles) when the pair
separation is smaller than the wavelength of the emitted light. We estimate the
reduction in light in large electromagnetic showers, and discuss the
implications for detectors that observe Cherenkov radiation from showers in the
Earth's atmosphere, as well as in oceans and Antarctic ice.Comment: Final version, with minor changes, to appear in PRD. 5 pages with 4
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Regional coastal food risk assessment for a tidally dominant, natural coastal setting: North Norfolk, southern North Sea
A Coastal Risk Assessment Framework (CRAF) provides two levels of coastal risk and vulnerability assessment, by combining information on the spatially variable hazard and exposure. In Phase 1, areas of greatest risk or `hotspots' are identified. In Phase 2, these hotspots are then analysed in greater detail to identify both direct and indirect extreme event impacts. This approach was applied to the barrier coastline of North Norfolk, eastern England. The CRAF identified high risk coastal hotspots on the basis of both hazard impacts (swash regime (tide + surge + wave runup) and overwash/terrestrial inundation regimes) from a 1 in 115 year return period storm and a range of land use, infrastructure, economic and social vulnerability indicators. Hazard extents and hazard severity, in some locations modified by the presence of intertidal saltmarsh, were calculated for 45, 1-2 km wide sections along the topographically complex coast. When combined with ve exposure indicators, eight hotspots were identified along the 45 km long frontage. In a 2nd phase, two of these hotspots, one a chain of small villages (Brancaster/Brancaster Staithe/Burnham Deepdale) and one a small town (Wells-next-the-Sea), were compared in more detail using a suite of coastal inundation and impact assessment models to determine both direct and indirect impacts. Hazards at this higher resolution were calculated using the 1D process-based XBeach model and the 2D LISFLOOD inundation model. Vulnerability to the hazards was calculated using the INDRA (Integrated Disruption Assessment) model with comparison of the two hotspots through the use of a Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). The selection of hazard hotspots and comparison of hotspots using these techniques allows areas at greatest risk to be identified, of vital importance for coastal management and resource allocation
Application driven petabit optical networking
This paper discusses application driven petabit optical networkin
Wetting layer thickness and early evolution of epitaxially strained thin films
We propose a physical model which explains the existence of finite thickness
wetting layers in epitaxially strained films. The finite wetting layer is shown
to be stable due to the variation of the non-linear elastic free energy with
film thickness. We show that anisotropic surface tension gives rise to a
metastable enlarged wetting layer. The perturbation amplitude needed to
destabilize this wetting layer decreases with increasing lattice mismatch. We
observe the development of faceted islands in unstable films.Comment: 4 pages, 3 eps figure
Multi-wavelength INTEGRAL NEtwork (MINE) observations of the microquasar GRS 1915+105
We present the international collaboration MINE (Multi-lambda Integral
NEtwork) aimed at conducting multi-wavelength observations of X-ray binaries
and microquasars simultaneously with the INTEGRAL gamma-ray satellite. We will
focus on the 2003 March-April campaign of observations of the peculiar
microquasar GRS 1915+105 gathering radio, IR and X-ray data. The source was
observed 3 times in the plateau state, before and after a major radio and X-ray
flare. It showed strong steady optically thick radio emission corresponding to
powerful compact jets resolved in the radio images, bright near-infrared
emission, a strong QPO at 2.5 Hz in the X-rays and a power law dominated
spectrum without cutoff in the 3-300 keV range. We compare the different
observations, their multi-wavelength light curves, including JEM-X, ISGRI and
SPI, and the parameters deduced from fitting the spectra obtained with these
instruments on board INTEGRAL.Comment: 4 pages, 9 fig., Proc. of the 5th INTEGRAL Workshop (Feb. 16-20
2004), to be published by ES
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