Appunti sul movimento antifascista sloveno della Venezia Giulia

<div><p>The class <em>Dothideomycetes</em> is one of the largest groups of fungi with a high level of ecological diversity including many plant pathogens infecting a broad range of hosts. Here, we compare genome features of 18 members of this class, including 6 necrotrophs, 9 (hemi)biotrophs and 3 saprotrophs, to analyze genome structure, evolution, and the diverse strategies of pathogenesis. The <em>Dothideomycetes</em> most likely evolved from a common ancestor more than 280 million years ago. The 18 genome sequences differ dramatically in size due to variation in repetitive content, but show much less variation in number of (core) genes. Gene order appears to have been rearranged mostly within chromosomal boundaries by multiple inversions, in extant genomes frequently demarcated by adjacent simple repeats. Several <em>Dothideomycetes</em> contain one or more gene-poor, transposable element (TE)-rich putatively dispensable chromosomes of unknown function. The 18 <em>Dothideomycetes</em> offer an extensive catalogue of genes involved in cellulose degradation, proteolysis, secondary metabolism, and cysteine-rich small secreted proteins. Ancestors of the two major orders of plant pathogens in the <em>Dothideomycetes</em>, the <em>Capnodiales</em> and <em>Pleosporales</em>, may have had different modes of pathogenesis, with the former having fewer of these genes than the latter. Many of these genes are enriched in proximity to transposable elements, suggesting faster evolution because of the effects of repeat induced point (RIP) mutations. A syntenic block of genes, including oxidoreductases, is conserved in most <em>Dothideomycetes</em> and upregulated during infection in <em>L. maculans</em>, suggesting a possible function in response to oxidative stress.</p> </div

Gene family expansions and transcriptome signatures uncover fungal adaptations to wood decay

17 p.-7 fig.Because they comprise some of the most efficient wood-decayers, Polyporales fungi impact carbon cycling in forest environment. Despite continuous discoveries on the enzymatic machinery involved in wood decomposition, the vision on their evolutionary adaptation to wood decay and genome diversity remains incomplete.We combined the genome sequence information from 50 Polyporales species, including 26 newly sequenced genomes and sought for genomic and functional adaptations to wood decay through the analysis of genome composition and transcriptome responses to different carbon sources.The genomes of Polyporales from different phylogenetic clades showed poor conservation in macrosynteny, indicative of genome rearrangements. We observed different gene family expansion/contraction histories for plant cell wall degrading enzymes in core polyporoids and phlebioids and captured expansions for genes involved in signaling and regulation in the lineages of white rotters. Furthermore, we identified conserved cupredoxins, thaumatin-like proteins and Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases with a yet uncharacterized appended module as new candidate players in wood decomposition.Given the current need for enzymatic toolkits dedicated to the transformation of renewable carbon sources, the observed genomic diversity among Polyporales strengthens the relevance of mining Polyporales biodiversity to understand the molecular mechanisms of wood decay.This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, a Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility (grant # DE-AC02-05CH11231, DESC0019427 to I.V.G. and B.M.); Institut Carnot 3BCAR, the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Region Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur and the Groupement de Recherche Génomique Environnementale to H.H.; the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (grant # ANR-11-LABX-0002-01 to F.M.); the Region Lorraine and the European Regional Development Fund to F.M.; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences’ Momentum Program (grant # LP2019-13/2019 to L.G.N.); the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (grant # BIO2017-86559-R to A.T.M.); the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant # PIE-201620E081 to A.T.M.); the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the European Regional Development Fund and the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant # RTI2018-093683-B-I00 to L.D.E. and M.J.M.) and the Czech Science Foundation (grant# 17-20110S to P.B. and M.Š.).Peer reviewe