Genetic Divergence Studies for Quantative and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

The present experiment was carried out during spring-summer 2013 and 2014 to study genetic diversity for quantitative and quality traits in tomato at vegetable Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha. The 25 genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on D2 values, which exhibited no association between geographical and genetic diversity. The cluster VI was the largest containing 9 genotypes followed by cluster I, II and IV containing four genotypes each. However, the cluster III (Lehar & US-3383) and cluster V (DVRT-2 & Marglobe) had minimum number of genotypes i.e two in each cluster. The intra-cluster distance was recorded maximum for cluster III (3.69) consisting of 2 genotypes namely Lehar & US-3383. Whereas, cluster IV, V, VI had lowest intra cluster distance i.e 0.00. The maximum distance at inter-cluster level was between cluster II and cluster VI (11.48) followed by clusters III and VI (9.83) indicating that the genotypes in these groups can be used for heterosis and recombinant breeding programme which may serve as potential genotypes for hybridization programme. Cluster mean analysis (Table 4) showed that cluster I was earliest to flowering (29.07 days); days to first marketable fruit picking (70.15) and maximum number of fruits per plant (27.73); cluster II showed maximum performance for number of locules per fruit (3.77); betacarotene (5.13mg) and minimum incidence of fruit borer (18.64%); cluster III showed maximum plant height (123.20 cm) and minimum intensity of early blight (27.27%); cluster IV recorded maximum fruit diameter (5.17cm) and average fruit weight (81.33 g); cluster V recorded maximum marketable fruit yield (3.73 kg/plot) and total fruit yield (5.27 kg/plot), pericarp thickness (6.75 mm), pH (4.43) and minimum number of seeds per fruit (62.45); cluster VI gave maximum fruit length (6.91cm), total soluble solids (4.340B), lycopene (3.85mg) and ascorbic acid (26.07mg)

Traditional food systems of Changthang, Ladakh

The food production, consumption, and preservation systems and most of the food products of Changthang region are unique to it due to its extra-ordinary conditions largely governed by the ethnic preference, agro-climatic conditions and socio-cultural and religious ethos. The uniqueness is well expressed from the rest of Ladakh also. The inhabitants lead nomadic, semi-nomadic and sedentary ways of life thus having different food systems. The nomads are solely dependent upon meat and dairy products for the nutritional requirement with very little consumption of other food material. They consume a lot of meat around the year, either fresh or in preserved forms. The semi-nomads consume meat, dairy products and other food products, almost in equal quantities. The permanent settlers mostly depend upon cereals and vegetables and consume comparatively less meat and dairy products. A semi-structured questionnaire containing open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews and on spot observations was used for gathering information. The various traditional foods and beverages of Changthang are gyuma, ruskhu and sha-spaqs (meat based products); nyakir and nyabon (fish based products); mar-khaqla, labo, churpe/chura, chura-narmo and thut (dairy products); kharyos, kholaq, paba and chang (barley based products); chu-tagi, paqtsa-markhu, timoq and tagi-skyurchuk (wheat based products) and zatsot, skoche and gege (wild vegetables). These times tested systems undergo change due to change in food habits and need to be preserved to maintain the cultural identity as well as the health and wellness of the people of the region. This paper is an attempt to document the traditional food systems practiced in Changthang and foods and beverages enjoyed by the inhabitants

Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Winter Wheat: Predicting Maximum Abundance of Metopolophium dirhodum

In Central Europe, the most abundant aphid infesting the leaves of small grain cereals is Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Annual variation in its seasonal dynamics was evaluated using a 25-yr series of standardized weekly censuses of winter wheat plots. M. dirhodum made up >50 % of the aphids on the foliage. Date of immigration (8 May–3 July), length of period of population increase (0–9 wk), and date of attaining maximum abundance (28 May–22 July) varied greatly. For the prediction, we regressed maximum numbers/tiller on numbers recorded in the first week after heading. The regression of maximum abundance on nonzero aphid counts revealed a critical number of ≥1.50 aphids/tiller, which if exceeded resulted in a harmful maximum abundance of ≥10 aphids/tiller at the peak. Zero aphid counts resulted in 10% of cases with a harmful maximum abundance. Using this regression for prediction will result in 18% of the recorded cases being false negatives and 9% false positives. Parallel annual variation in the average maximum numbers of M. dirhodum, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linné) (Homoptera: Aphididae) indicated the following factors that affected their abundance: temperature in winter and host plant quality. The predictions apply only in areas where M. dirhodum is holocyclic and aphids do not overwinter in wheat stands

OXIDATION OF DRY HYDROCARBONS AT HIGH-POWER DENSITY ANODES

This work builds upon discoveries by the University of Pennsylvania and others pertaining to the oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The work reported here was restricted primarily to dry methane and confirms that YSZ-based cells, having ceria in the anode as a catalyst and copper in the anode as a current collector, can operate on dry methane for extended periods. Thirty-three lab-scale cells of various designs were fabricated and operated under a variety of conditions. The longest-lived cell gave stable performance on dry methane at 800 C for over 305 hours. Only slight carbon deposition was noted at the completion of the test. A corresponding nickel/YSZ-based anode would have lasted for less than an hour under these test conditions (which included open circuit potential measurements) before carbon fouling essentially destroyed the cell. The best performing cell achieved 112 mW/cm{sub 2} on dry methane at 800 C. Several problems were encountered with carbon fouling and declining open circuit voltages in many of the test cells after switching from operation on hydrogen to dry methane. Although not rigorously confirmed by experimentation, the results suggested that air infiltration through less than perfect perimeter seals or pinholes in the electrolytes, or both gave rise to conditions that caused the carbon fouling and OCV decline. Small amounts of air reacting with methane in a partial oxidation reaction could produce carbon monoxide that, in turn, would deposit the carbon. If this mechanism is confirmed, it implies that near perfect hardware is required for extended operation. Some evidence was also found for the formation of electrical shorts, probably from carbon deposits bridging the electrolyte. Work with odorized methane and with methane containing 100-ppm hydrogen sulfide confirmed that copper is stable at 800 C in dry hydrocarbon fuels in the presence of sulfur. In a number of cases, but not exclusively, the performance life on dry methane with sulfur compounds was much longer than with dry methane alone. The effect of sulfur compounds in these cases appeared to correlate with inhibition of carbon deposition. Mixed results were obtained for the effect of the sulfur compounds on power density. Progress also was made in understanding the mechanisms involved in direct utilization of dry natural gas. Evidence was developed for three possible mechanisms for dry methane utilization in addition to the usually cited mechanism--direct oxidation of methane by oxygen anions. Further work is required at a fundamental level before the knowledge gained here can be translated into higher levels of performance

Wpływ Huty Miedzi Krompachy (Słowacja) na poziom emisji do atmosfery

The contribution deals with the evaluation of atmospheric deposition monitoring in 2009–2017 which was realised in the vicinity of the copper smeltery in Krompachy (Slovakia). The samples were collected from the seven sites, which are located from 1.2 to 10 km from the main pollution source. The atmospheric deposition fluxes of solid particles and elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) were determined separately for “water soluble” and “insoluble” fraction. The detailed analysis of deposition fluxes showed a significant effect of the copper smeltery. In addition to the expected high levels of deposition of copper (21–140), the above-average high deposition of lead (11–124), zinc (86–464) and cadmium (0.6–3.4 μg.m–2.day–1) were measured in comparison with different areas. The highest values of deposition fluxes of these elements were detected at sites near the copper smeltery. The level of zinc deposition disagrees with its registered emissions.Artykuł dotyczy oceny poziomu emisji pyłów do atmosfery spowodowanej przez Hutę Miedzi Krompachy (Słowacja) w latach 2009–2017. Próbki opadu pobrano z siedmiu miejsc, które znajdują się w odległości od 1,2 do 10 km od głównego źródła zanie- czyszczeń. Zbadano osadzanie się cząstek stałych i zawartości pierwiastków (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As). Zawartości pierwiastków określono oddzielnie dla frakcji rozpuszczalnej w wodzie i nierozpuszczalnej. Szczegółowa analiza źródeł opadów atmosferycznych wykazała znaczący wpływ huty miedzi. Oprócz oczekiwanego wysokiego poziomu zawartości miedzi (21–140), stwierdzono wysoką depozycję ołowiu (11–124), cynku (86–464) i kadmu (0,6–3,4 μg.m-2 dzień-1). Najwyższe zawartości pier- wiastków w opadzie atmosferycznym wykryto w pobliżu huty miedzi. Stwierdzona zawartość cynku w opadzie nie odpowiada wielkości emisji

Traditional food systems of Changthang, Ladakh

625-636The food production, consumption, and preservation systems and most of the food products of Changthang region are unique to it due to its extra-ordinary conditions largely governed by the ethnic preference, agro-climatic conditions and socio-cultural and religious ethos. The uniqueness is well expressed from the rest of Ladakh also. The inhabitants lead nomadic, semi-nomadic and sedentary ways of life thus having different food systems. The nomads are solely dependent upon meat and dairy products for the nutritional requirement with very little consumption of other food material. They consume a lot of meat around the year, either fresh or in preserved forms. The semi-nomads consume meat, dairy products and other food products, almost in equal quantities. The permanent settlers mostly depend upon cereals and vegetables and consume comparatively less meat and dairy products. A semi-structured questionnaire containing open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews and on spot observations was used for gathering information. The various traditional foods and beverages of Changthang are gyuma, ruskhu and sha-spaqs (meat based products); nyakir and nyabon (fish based products); mar-khaqla, labo, churpe/chura, chura-narmo and thut (dairy products); kharyos, kholaq, paba and chang (barley based products); chu-tagi, paqtsa-markhu, timoq and tagi-skyurchuk (wheat based products) and zatsot, skoche and gege (wild vegetables). These times tested systems undergo change due to change in food habits and need to be preserved to maintain the cultural identity as well as the health and wellness of the people of the region. This paper is an attempt to document the traditional food systems practiced in Changthang and foods and beverages enjoyed by the inhabitants

Wybrane cechy charakterystyczne depozycji atmosferycznej na terenie Koszyc

The contribution deals with the atmospheric deposition of solid particles and selected elements in the typical urban area with many sources of pollution. The main sources of pollution are represented by neighboring the iron and steel works and the thermal power station. The samples were collected from the eleven sites, which are located from 3.6 to 16 km from the iron and steel works. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the total deposition of solid particles, the deposition fluxes of elements Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As and their seasonal variations were studied. Results from the years of 2009–2018 are introduced. The research has shown a significant influence of local sources of pollution on the studied parameters of atmospheric deposition. Compared to the values of deposition measured in the other areas, extremely high values of iron (28, 120), manganese (1,106) and chromium (34.1 μg.m–2.day–1) deposition as well as high, above-average values of other monitored elements were measured in the proximity of the ironworks. The portion of emission sources of iron and steel works on the Fe fluxes at the individual sites in the city was calculated in the range from 24.7 to 54.1%. On the basis of the emission situation of the monitored area, it is possible to use selected compounds of the AD as an environment quality indicator and to quantify the contribution of emissions to area’s environmental stress.Artykuł dotyczy emisji do powietrza cząstek stałych i wybranych pierwiastków w typowym obszarze miejskim z wieloma źródłami zanieczyszczeń. Głównymi źródłami zanieczyszczeń są sąsiednie huty żelaza i stali oraz elektrownia cieplna. Próbki pobrano z jedenastu miejsc, które znajdują się w odległości od 3,6 do 16 km od huty żelaza i stali. Badano cechy ilościowe i jakościowe całkowitej emisji cząstek stałych, strumienie osadzania pierwiastków Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As oraz ich sezonowe zmiany. Przedstawiono wyniki z lat 2009–2018. Badania wykazały znaczący wpływ lokalnych źródeł zanieczyszczeń na badane parametry zanieczyszczeń w atmosferze. W porównaniu z wartościami depozycji zmierzonymi w innych obszarach, wyjątkowo wysokie wartości zawartości żelaza (28, 120), manganu (1106) i chromu (34,1 μg.m–2 dni–1), a także wysokie, ponadprzeciętne wartości innych monitorowanych pierwiastków zmierzono w pobliżu huty. Część źródeł emisji hut żelaza i stali w poszczególnych lokalizacjach w mieście stwierdzono w przedziale od 24,7 do 54,1%. Na podstawie sytuacji emisyjnej monitorowanego obszaru można zastosować wybrane związki AD jako wskaźnik jakości środowiska i określić ilościowo udział emisji w obciążeniu środowiskowym obszaru

Próby odsiarczania wód kopalnianych

The objective of these tests was to verify a methodology of desulphatation, which was developed at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Technical University Ostrava, separately for mining water with high concentration of sulphates and on the other hand for mining water with limited concentration of sulphates. The water samples used for these tests came from Smolnik and Zlate Hory.Celem badań była weryfikacja metody odsiarczania wyodrębnionych wód kopalnianych o wysokiej i granicznej koncentracji siarki, opracowanej na Uniwersytecie w Ostrawie. Próbki wody użyte do testów pochodziły z rejonów Smolnik i Zlate Hory