Target-site mutations (AChE and kdr), and PSMO activity in codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)) populations from Spain

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) is a key pest of global importance that affects apple fruit production and whose populations have developed resistance to insecticides in many apple production areas. In Spain, enhanced cytochrome P450 polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) activity is the main mechanism involved in insecticide detoxification by codling moth, although acetylcholinesterase (AChE) target site mutations have been described in two populations. However, the extent of AChE and knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Spain is unknown. To assess the actual occurrence of AChE and kdr mutations concurrently with the frequency of moths with PSMO enhanced activity (R-PSMO), 32 Spanish field populations from four apple-growing areas of Spain and two susceptible laboratory strains were evaluated. R-PSMO was significantly higher in 23 chemically treated field populations from Extremadura, Catalonia and Aragon, with proportions that varied between 25% and 90%, but no significant differences among strains and the non-chemically treated orchards (organic or abandoned) were observed. The AChE mutation (F290V) was detected in all field populations from Catalonia (n=21) and in three field populations from Aragon (n=5), with resistant phenotype proportions varying from 34.2% to 97.5% and from 7.2% to 65% in Catalonia and Aragon, respectively. In addition, the kdr mutation (L1014F) was detected in twelve Catalonian field populations, at rates of incidence ranging between 2.6% and 56.8%. A positive correlation between R-PSMO and AChE mutation was found. The origin of the mutations and their ability to persist and spread in field populations with different management systems is discussed.The authors thank the fruit growers and pest control advisors of the different Spanish apple-growing areas for their help in accessing and identifying apple orchards and Mónica Pérez for her technical help. This work was funded by grant Fondo de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT 11130599 (CONICYT), Chile, to M.A. Rodríguez, by grant AGL2013-49164 of the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation, to J. Avilla and D. Bosch, and by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya

Mírids interessants de Catalunya i Aragó (Heteroptera Miriade)

Interesting Miridae from Catalonia and Aragon, NE Spain (Het. Miridae). In addition to the previous papers dealing with lberian Heteroptera the author expounds now 25 species of Miridae captured in Catalonia and Aragon (Spain), assembled in the following Ove groups: 1. West-Mediterranian and European new records: 2 species. 2. Iberian new records: 10 species. 3. Catalan new records: 11 species. 4. Both Catalan and Aragonese new records: 1 species. 5. New material of Orthotylus blascoi Rbs.: 1 species. Complementary data of another Iberian countries, when these are new, are given, too. Two new synonymies are proposed: Heterocordylus tibialis (Hahn, 1831) = H. Tibialis mediterraneus Wagner, 1962, nov. syn. and Asciodema obsoletum (Fieber, 1864) = A. Adenocarpi Wagner, 1973, nov. syn

Furthering internal border area studies: an analysis of dysfunctions and cooperation mechanisms in the water and river management of Catalonia, Aragon and the Valencian Community (Spain)

Cooperation between countries or regions that share a political border is one of the primary concerns of border studies. However, while cooperation between states is a well-established field based on international agreements, the cooperation between internal-state regions is not as well understood and requires more exhaustive study. Cooperation agreements between regions are frequently based on the shared and collaborative management of environmental resources such as river basins. This paper aimed to identify mechanisms of river basin cooperation in the internal border area between Catalonia, Aragon and the Valencian Community (Spain), with the objective of analyzing dysfunctions in their water management and identifying the territorial needs for the efficient management of these resources. Focus group sessions were conducted with 84 public administration stakeholders and a total of 53 border municipalities were involved in the project. In our study area, we identified a considerable number of dysfunctions that affected different levels of water management (e.g., supply, navigation and reservoirs) and which impeded effective cooperation between different administrations (above all, between town councils and the public water agencies). However, we also identified several interesting initiatives to promote water management in both the medium and long term, including river contracts, river commonwealths and river tourism projects managed by border municipalities

Boceto para un mapa geológico detallado del frente del Montsec (Pirineo catalano-aragonés, España)

Geological cartography of the Montsec Front and its western prolongation in the Tolba anticline (Mesozoic - Cenozoic). South-Pyrenean units west of Segre river (Pyrenees of Aragon and Catalonia, Spain). Key words: Geological cartography. Montsec Front. Tolba anticline. Mesozoic. Cenozoic. South-Pyrenean units. Catalonia. Aragon. Spain.Cartografía geológica del frente del Montsec y de su prolongación occidental en el anticlinal de Tolba (Mesozoico-Cenozoico), provincias de Lleida y Huesca, Pirineos catalano-aragoneses, España. Palabras clave: Cartografía geológica. Frente del Montse. Anticlinal de Tolba Mesozoico. Cenozoico. Pirineos catalano-aragoneses. España

Beyond income transfers to farmers, the macroeconomic spillover of CAP payments in Aragon (Spain), 2007-2013

This paper provides an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on Aragon (Spain) through a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. During the EU programming period 2007- 2013, Aragon received agricultural subsidies worth 4,055 million Euros. These grants are received by farmers and then redistributed through their spending towards other institutional sectors. CAP funds carry in Aragon an average annual GDP growth of 2.6 % or an average annual increase of agricultural GVA by 19.6% among other results. This analysis is important because CAP is changing and resources for this EU policy are expected to be reduced. In February 2013, the European Council approved the Multiannual Financial Framework 2014-2020 in which the overall EU budget decreases, is redistributed and clearly restricts allocations for agricultural policiesPublishe

The economic consequences of the spanish Reconquest: The long-term effects of medieval conquest and colonization

This paper shows that a historical process that ended more than five centuries ago, the Reconquest, is very important to explain Spanish regional economic development down to the present day. An indicator measuring the rate of Reconquest reveals a heavily negative effect on current income differences across the Spanish provinces. A main intervening factor in the impact the Reconquest has had is the concentration of economic and political power in a few hands, excluding large segments of the population from access to economic opportunities when Spain entered the industrialization phase. The timing of the effect is consistent with this argument. A general implication of our analysis is that large frontier expansions may favor a political equilibrium among the colonizing agents that is biased toward the elite, creating the conditions for an inegalitarian society, with negative consequences for long-term economic developmenTUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1), Aragon, Spain, November 2008

A human case of swine influenza A (H1N1) in a 50-year-old woman from a village near Teruel (Aragon, in the north-east of Spain), with a population of about 200 inhabitants, has been reported in November 2008.S

Monitoring resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) Spanish field populations to new chemical insecticides and the mechanisms involved

BACKGROUND: A widespread resistance of Cydia pomonella to organophosphates was demonstrated in populations from the Spanish Ebro Valley area that showed high levels of enzymatic detoxification. To determine the efficacy of new insecticides, neonate larvae bioassays were carried out on twenty field codling moth populations collected from three different Spanish apple production areas. Synergist bioassays were performed to detect the enzymatic mechanisms involved. RESULTS: The least active ingredients were methoxyfenozide, with 100% of the populations showing significantly lower mortality than the susceptible strain, and lambda-cyhalothrin, with very high resistant ratios (872.0 for the most resistant field population). Approximately 50% of the populations were resistant or tolerant to thiacloprid. By contrast, tebufenozide was very effective in all the field populations, as was chlorpyrifos-ethyl despite its widespread use during the last few years. Indoxacarb, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole also provided high efficacy, as did emamectin and spinetoram, which are not yet registered in Spain. CONCLUSION: The resistant Spanish codling moth populations can be controlled using new reduced-risk insecticides. The use of synergists showed the importance of the concentration applied and the difficulty of interpreting the results in field populations that show multiple resistance to different active ingredients.The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the fruit growers who gave us access to their orchards and to the grower advisors of the areas (plant defense area technicians), who helped identify the best orchards for the assays, and Mònica Pérez for her technical help. This study was partially supported by grants AGL2013-49164 and AGL2016-77373 of the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation and by the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya

Rethinking regional competitiveness: Catalonia's international and interregional trade, 1995-2006

Studies of competitiveness tend to focus on a local economy's global interactions, particularly its international trade. But for countries that are at least mid-sized (such as Spain), interregional trade tends to be as large as or significantly larger than international trade. The case of Catalonia illustrates the importance of interregional flows in truly analyzing and devising strategies for a region's external competitiveness. Accounting for interregional trade changes and performing analyses of Catalonia's overall merchandise trade balance, which sectors generate external surpluses as opposed to deficits, and who Catalonia's key trading partners are, and the use of a gravity-model approach to estimate external border effects at the regional level for Catalonia and the rest of Spain, reveal significant variations by sector and by trading partner, generally higher external border effects for exports than imports, and declines in border effects over time - but with a discernible flattening in recent years.Border Effect; Gravity Model; Interregional trade; transport flows;